:root {
  --purplepotion: #7d3857;
  --purplepotion-light: #994669;
  --purplepotion-dark: #631837;
  --purplepotion-shade: #e5c3d2;
  --lakaspia-on-primary: #ffffff;
  --lakaspia-on-secondary: #ffffff;

  --goldenage-accent: #dab96b;
  --goldenage-accent-light: #eed498;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   BUNDLED LUXURY DESIGN PRESETS SYSTEM (100% AUTOMATIC THEME TRANSFORMER)
   ========================================================================== */

/* 1. Original Golden Age Maroon (purplepotion) */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_purplepotion,
body[class*="colorPreset_purplepotion"] {
  --purplepotion: #7d3857;
  --purplepotion-light: #994669;
  --purplepotion-dark: #631837;
  --purplepotion-shade: #e5c3d2;
}

/* 2. JIGM Royal Indigo & Gold (Harmoni Cover JIGM & LaKaspia) */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_jigm,
body[class*="colorPreset_jigm"] {
  --purplepotion: #3b3b98;       /* Deep Royal Indigo Blue */
  --purplepotion-light: #f1c40f; /* Bright Royal Gold Accent */
  --purplepotion-dark: #27275f;  /* Midnight Indigo Navy */
  --purplepotion-shade: #eef2f7; /* Soft Geometric Ice Blue */
}

/* 3. Islamic Emerald Green */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_emerald,
body[class*="colorPreset_emerald"] {
  --purplepotion: #008080;
  --purplepotion-light: #20b2aa;
  --purplepotion-dark: #004d4d;
  --purplepotion-shade: #e0f2f1;
}

/* 4. Royal Midnight Navy */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_navy,
body[class*="colorPreset_navy"] {
  --purplepotion: #1b365d;
  --purplepotion-light: #2c4d75;
  --purplepotion-dark: #0f223d;
  --purplepotion-shade: #e6ecf5;
}

/* 5. Deep Crimson Burgundy */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_burgundy,
body[class*="colorPreset_burgundy"] {
  --purplepotion: #800020;
  --purplepotion-light: #a31535;
  --purplepotion-dark: #4a0013;
  --purplepotion-shade: #f8e6eb;
}

/* 6. Ocean Sapphire Blue */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_sapphire,
body[class*="colorPreset_sapphire"] {
  --purplepotion: #0056b3;
  --purplepotion-light: #3385ff;
  --purplepotion-dark: #003d80;
  --purplepotion-shade: #e6f0ff;
}

/* 7. Royal Gold & Amber */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_amber,
body[class*="colorPreset_amber"] {
  --purplepotion: #b8860b;
  --purplepotion-light: #daa520;
  --purplepotion-dark: #8b6508;
  --purplepotion-shade: #fdf5e6;
}

/* 8. Cyber Neon Dark Mode */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_darkmode,
body[class*="colorPreset_darkmode"] {
  --purplepotion: #8a2be2;
  --purplepotion-light: #9932cc;
  --purplepotion-dark: #4b0082;
  --purplepotion-shade: #1a1a2e;
}

/* 9. Deep Pine Forest */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_forest,
body[class*="colorPreset_forest"] {
  --purplepotion: #2d5a27;
  --purplepotion-light: #438138;
  --purplepotion-dark: #1b3a17;
  --purplepotion-shade: #eaf3e8;
}

/* 10. Coral Sunset */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_sunset,
body[class*="colorPreset_sunset"] {
  --purplepotion: #d9534f;
  --purplepotion-light: #e27471;
  --purplepotion-dark: #a9302c;
  --purplepotion-shade: #fdf0ed;
}

/* 11. Noble Amethyst Violet */
body.pkp_option_colorPreset_amethyst,
body[class*="colorPreset_amethyst"] {
  --purplepotion: #6b5b95;
  --purplepotion-light: #8874b3;
  --purplepotion-dark: #4a3e6b;
  --purplepotion-shade: #f0edf5;
}

/* STANDARDIZED PROPORTIONAL TYPOGRAPHY SYSTEM */
html {
  font-size: 16px;
}

body {
  font-size: 0.95rem; /* ~15.2px */
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: #334155;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

h1, .h1 {
  font-size: 1.85rem !important; /* 29.6px */
  line-height: 1.3 !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
}

h2, .h2 {
  font-size: 1.55rem !important; /* 24.8px */
  line-height: 1.35 !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

h3, .h3 {
  font-size: 1.3rem !important; /* 20.8px */
  line-height: 1.4 !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.65rem;
}

h4, .h4 {
  font-size: 1.15rem !important; /* 18.4px */
  line-height: 1.4 !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.55rem;
}

h5, .h5 {
  font-size: 1.05rem !important; /* 16.8px */
  line-height: 1.45 !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

h6, .h6 {
  font-size: 0.95rem !important; /* 15.2px */
  line-height: 1.45 !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0.45rem;
}

p {
  font-size: 0.95rem !important;
  line-height: 1.65 !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  color: #334155;
}

small, .small {
  font-size: 0.85rem !important; /* 13.6px */
  line-height: 1.5 !important;
}

.lead {
  font-size: 1.1rem !important;
  line-height: 1.6 !important;
}

.pkp_block .title,
.goldenage-sidebar .card-header,
.goldenage-sidebar h2,
.goldenage-sidebar h3,
.goldenage-sidebar h4,
.goldenage-sidebar h5 {
  font-size: 1.1rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  line-height: 1.35 !important;
  margin-bottom: 0.6rem !important;
}

/* COMPREHENSIVE MASTER COMPONENT TYPOGRAPHY SCALE */
#upperNavbar a, .goldenage-logo-wrapper { font-size: 0.925rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }
#navigationUser a { font-size: 0.85rem !important; font-weight: 500 !important; }

/* DYNAMIC STICKY SCROLL SEARCH IN TOP NAVBAR */
.lakaspia-navbar-search {
  max-width: 0 !important;
  opacity: 0 !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  transition: max-width 0.35s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1), opacity 0.25s ease, margin 0.3s ease !important;
  pointer-events: none !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  visibility: hidden;
}

#upperNavbar.is-scrolled .lakaspia-navbar-search,
body.is-scrolled .lakaspia-navbar-search {
  max-width: 320px !important;
  opacity: 1 !important;
  overflow: visible !important;
  pointer-events: auto !important;
  margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
  margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
  visibility: visible;
}

.lakaspia-navbar-search input:focus {
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(125, 56, 87, 0.15) !important;
  background: #ffffff !important;
  outline: none !important;
}
#goldenageBreadcrumbHome a { font-size: 0.88rem !important; font-weight: 500 !important; }
#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a { font-size: 0.95rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }

.goldenage-homepage-title { font-size: 1.75rem !important; line-height: 1.3 !important; font-weight: 700 !important; }
#overviewTab .nav-link { font-size: 0.95rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }
#overviewContent p, #overviewContent div { font-size: 0.95rem !important; line-height: 1.7 !important; color: #334155 !important; }

.obj_article_summary .title a,
.article-summary .title a,
.media-heading a { font-size: 1.15rem !important; line-height: 1.38 !important; font-weight: 700 !important; color: #1e293b !important; }
.obj_article_summary .authors,
.article-summary .authors { font-size: 0.9rem !important; font-weight: 500 !important; color: #475569 !important; }
.obj_article_summary .pages,
.obj_article_summary .date,
.article-summary .published { font-size: 0.825rem !important; color: #64748b !important; }
.obj_article_summary .doi a,
.article-summary .doi a { font-size: 0.825rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }

.page_title, article header h1 { font-size: 1.85rem !important; line-height: 1.3 !important; font-weight: 700 !important; color: #0f172a !important; }
.item.authors .author_name { font-size: 1.05rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }
.item.authors .affiliation { font-size: 0.875rem !important; color: #64748b !important; }
.article-details-abstract h3,
.item.abstract h2, .item.abstract h3 { font-size: 1.25rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important; }
.item.abstract p { font-size: 0.98rem !important; line-height: 1.75 !important; color: #334155 !important; }

#about-navigation > li > a { font-size: 0.9rem !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }
.editorial-team-member .name { font-size: 1.05rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; }
.editorial-team-member .role { font-size: 0.875rem !important; color: #64748b !important; }

#upperFooter h5 { font-size: 1.1rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; }
#upperFooter a, #upperFooter li { font-size: 0.875rem !important; line-height: 1.8 !important; }
.goldenage-footer-credits, footer .small { font-size: 0.825rem !important; line-height: 1.6 !important; }

a {
  color: var(--purplepotion);
}

/* Text Size Utilities */
.text-xs {
  font-size: 0.75rem !important;
  /* 12px */
}

.text-sm {
  font-size: 0.875rem !important;
  /* 14px */
}

.text-base {
  font-size: 1rem !important;
  /* 16px */
}

.text-lg {
  font-size: 1.125rem !important;
  /* 18px */
}

.text-xl {
  font-size: 1.25rem !important;
  /* 20px */
}

.text-2xl {
  font-size: 1.5rem !important;
  /* 24px */
}

.text-3xl {
  font-size: 1.875rem !important;
  /* 30px */
}

.text-4xl {
  font-size: 2.25rem !important;
  /* 36px */
}

.text-5xl {
  font-size: 3rem !important;
  /* 48px */
}

.text-6xl {
  font-size: 3.75rem !important;
  /* 60px */
}

.text-7xl {
  font-size: 4.5rem !important;
  /* 72px */
}

.text-8xl {
  font-size: 6rem !important;
  /* 96px */
}

.text-9xl {
  font-size: 8rem !important;
  /* 128px */
}

/* Height Utilities */
.h-0 {
  height: 0px;
}

.h-1 {
  height: 4px;
}

.h-2 {
  height: 8px;
}

.h-3 {
  height: 12px;
}

.h-4 {
  height: 16px;
}

.h-5 {
  height: 20px;
}

.h-6 {
  height: 24px;
}

.h-8 {
  height: 32px;
}

.h-10 {
  height: 40px;
}

.h-12 {
  height: 48px;
}

.h-16 {
  height: 64px;
}

.h-20 {
  height: 80px;
}

.h-24 {
  height: 96px;
}

.h-32 {
  height: 128px;
}

.h-40 {
  height: 160px;
}

.h-48 {
  height: 192px;
}

.h-56 {
  height: 224px;
}

.h-64 {
  height: 256px;
}

.h-72 {
  height: 288px;
}

.h-80 {
  height: 320px;
}

.h-96 {
  height: 384px;
}

.h-auto {
  height: auto;
}

.h-full {
  height: 100%;
}

.h-screen {
  height: 100vh;
}

/* Width Utilities */
.w-0 {
  width: 0px;
}

.w-1 {
  width: 4px;
}

.w-2 {
  width: 8px;
}

.w-3 {
  width: 12px;
}

.w-4 {
  width: 16px;
}

.w-5 {
  width: 20px;
}

.w-6 {
  width: 24px;
}

.w-8 {
  width: 32px;
}

.w-10 {
  width: 40px;
}

.w-12 {
  width: 48px;
}

.w-16 {
  width: 64px;
}

.w-20 {
  width: 80px;
}

.w-24 {
  width: 96px;
}

.w-32 {
  width: 128px;
}

.w-40 {
  width: 160px;
}

.w-48 {
  width: 192px;
}

.w-56 {
  width: 224px;
}

.w-64 {
  width: 256px;
}

.w-auto {
  width: auto;
}

.w-full {
  width: 100%;
}

.w-screen {
  width: 100vw;
}

/* SPACING UTILITIES */
/* Padding */
.p-0 {
  padding: 0px;
}

.p-1 {
  padding: 4px;
}

.p-2 {
  padding: 8px;
}

.p-3 {
  padding: 12px;
}

.p-4 {
  padding: 16px;
}

.p-5 {
  padding: 20px;
}

.p-6 {
  padding: 24px;
}

.p-8 {
  padding: 32px;
}

.p-10 {
  padding: 40px;
}

.p-12 {
  padding: 48px;
}

.p-16 {
  padding: 64px;
}

/* Padding X */
.px-0 {
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
}

.px-1 {
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

.px-2 {
  padding-left: 8px;
  padding-right: 8px;
}

.px-3 {
  padding-left: 12px;
  padding-right: 12px;
}

.px-4 {
  padding-left: 16px;
  padding-right: 16px;
}

.px-5 {
  padding-left: 20px;
  padding-right: 20px;
}

.px-6 {
  padding-left: 24px;
  padding-right: 24px;
}

.px-8 {
  padding-left: 32px;
  padding-right: 32px;
}

.px-10 {
  padding-left: 40px;
  padding-right: 40px;
}

.px-12 {
  padding-left: 48px;
  padding-right: 48px;
}

.px-16 {
  padding-left: 64px;
  padding-right: 64px;
}

/* Padding Y */
.py-0 {
  padding-top: 0px;
  padding-bottom: 0px;
}

.py-1 {
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
}

.py-2 {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

.py-3 {
  padding-top: 12px;
  padding-bottom: 12px;
}

.py-4 {
  padding-top: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
}

.py-5 {
  padding-top: 20px;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
}

.py-6 {
  padding-top: 24px;
  padding-bottom: 24px;
}

.py-8 {
  padding-top: 32px;
  padding-bottom: 32px;
}

.py-10 {
  padding-top: 40px;
  padding-bottom: 40px;
}

.py-12 {
  padding-top: 48px;
  padding-bottom: 48px;
}

.py-16 {
  padding-top: 64px;
  padding-bottom: 64px;
}

/* Padding Top */
.pt-0 {
  padding-top: 0px;
}

.pt-1 {
  padding-top: 4px;
}

.pt-2 {
  padding-top: 8px;
}

.pt-3 {
  padding-top: 12px;
}

.pt-4 {
  padding-top: 16px;
}

.pt-5 {
  padding-top: 20px;
}

.pt-6 {
  padding-top: 24px;
}

.pt-8 {
  padding-top: 32px;
}

.pt-10 {
  padding-top: 40px;
}

.pt-12 {
  padding-top: 48px;
}

.pt-16 {
  padding-top: 64px;
}

/* Padding Right */
.pr-0 {
  padding-right: 0px;
}

.pr-1 {
  padding-right: 4px;
}

.pr-2 {
  padding-right: 8px;
}

.pr-3 {
  padding-right: 12px;
}

.pr-4 {
  padding-right: 16px;
}

.pr-5 {
  padding-right: 20px;
}

.pr-6 {
  padding-right: 24px;
}

.pr-8 {
  padding-right: 32px;
}

.pr-10 {
  padding-right: 40px;
}

.pr-12 {
  padding-right: 48px;
}

.pr-16 {
  padding-right: 64px;
}

/* Padding Bottom */
.pb-0 {
  padding-bottom: 0px;
}

.pb-1 {
  padding-bottom: 4px;
}

.pb-2 {
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

.pb-3 {
  padding-bottom: 12px;
}

.pb-4 {
  padding-bottom: 16px;
}

.pb-5 {
  padding-bottom: 20px;
}

.pb-6 {
  padding-bottom: 24px;
}

.pb-8 {
  padding-bottom: 32px;
}

.pb-10 {
  padding-bottom: 40px;
}

.pb-12 {
  padding-bottom: 48px;
}

.pb-16 {
  padding-bottom: 64px;
}

/* Padding Left */
.pl-0 {
  padding-left: 0px;
}

.pl-1 {
  padding-left: 4px;
}

.pl-2 {
  padding-left: 8px;
}

.pl-3 {
  padding-left: 12px;
}

.pl-4 {
  padding-left: 16px;
}

.pl-5 {
  padding-left: 20px;
}

.pl-6 {
  padding-left: 24px;
}

.pl-8 {
  padding-left: 32px;
}

.pl-10 {
  padding-left: 40px;
}

.pl-12 {
  padding-left: 48px;
}

.pl-16 {
  padding-left: 64px;
}

/* Margin */
.m-0 {
  margin: 0px;
}

.m-1 {
  margin: 4px;
}

.m-2 {
  margin: 8px;
}

.m-3 {
  margin: 12px;
}

.m-4 {
  margin: 16px;
}

.m-5 {
  margin: 20px;
}

.m-6 {
  margin: 24px;
}

.m-8 {
  margin: 32px;
}

.m-10 {
  margin: 40px;
}

.m-12 {
  margin: 48px;
}

.m-16 {
  margin: 64px;
}

/* Margin X */
.mx-0 {
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
}

.mx-1 {
  margin-left: 4px;
  margin-right: 4px;
}

.mx-2 {
  margin-left: 8px;
  margin-right: 8px;
}

.mx-3 {
  margin-left: 12px;
  margin-right: 12px;
}

.mx-4 {
  margin-left: 16px;
  margin-right: 16px;
}

.mx-5 {
  margin-left: 20px;
  margin-right: 20px;
}

.mx-6 {
  margin-left: 24px;
  margin-right: 24px;
}

.mx-8 {
  margin-left: 32px;
  margin-right: 32px;
}

.mx-10 {
  margin-left: 40px;
  margin-right: 40px;
}

.mx-12 {
  margin-left: 48px;
  margin-right: 48px;
}

.mx-16 {
  margin-left: 64px;
  margin-right: 64px;
}

/* Margin Y */
.my-0 {
  margin-top: 0px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
}

.my-1 {
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.my-2 {
  margin-top: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.my-3 {
  margin-top: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.my-4 {
  margin-top: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.my-5 {
  margin-top: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.my-6 {
  margin-top: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.my-8 {
  margin-top: 32px;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
}

.my-10 {
  margin-top: 40px;
  margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.my-12 {
  margin-top: 48px;
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}

.my-16 {
  margin-top: 64px;
  margin-bottom: 64px;
}

/* Margin Top */
.mt-0 {
  margin-top: 0px;
}

.mt-1 {
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.mt-2 {
  margin-top: 8px;
}

.mt-3 {
  margin-top: 12px;
}

.mt-4 {
  margin-top: 16px;
}

.mt-5 {
  margin-top: 20px;
}

.mt-6 {
  margin-top: 24px;
}

.mt-8 {
  margin-top: 32px;
}

.mt-10 {
  margin-top: 40px;
}

.mt-12 {
  margin-top: 48px;
}

.mt-16 {
  margin-top: 64px;
}

/* Margin Right */
.mr-0 {
  margin-right: 0px;
}

.mr-1 {
  margin-right: 4px;
}

.mr-2 {
  margin-right: 8px;
}

.mr-3 {
  margin-right: 12px;
}

.mr-4 {
  margin-right: 16px;
}

.mr-5 {
  margin-right: 20px;
}

.mr-6 {
  margin-right: 24px;
}

.mr-8 {
  margin-right: 32px;
}

.mr-10 {
  margin-right: 40px;
}

.mr-12 {
  margin-right: 48px;
}

.mr-16 {
  margin-right: 64px;
}

/* Margin Bottom */
.mb-0 {
  margin-bottom: 0px;
}

.mb-1 {
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.mb-2 {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.mb-3 {
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.mb-4 {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.mb-5 {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.mb-6 {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.mb-8 {
  margin-bottom: 32px;
}

.mb-10 {
  margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.mb-12 {
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}

.mb-16 {
  margin-bottom: 64px;
}

/* Margin Left */
.ml-0 {
  margin-left: 0px;
}

.ml-1 {
  margin-left: 4px;
}

.ml-2 {
  margin-left: 8px;
}

.ml-3 {
  margin-left: 12px;
}

.ml-4 {
  margin-left: 16px;
}

.ml-5 {
  margin-left: 20px;
}

.ml-6 {
  margin-left: 24px;
}

.ml-8 {
  margin-left: 32px;
}

.ml-10 {
  margin-left: 40px;
}

.ml-12 {
  margin-left: 48px;
}

.ml-16 {
  margin-left: 64px;
}

/* Negative Margins */
.-m-1 {
  margin: -4px;
}

.-m-2 {
  margin: -8px;
}

.-m-3 {
  margin: -12px;
}

.-m-4 {
  margin: -16px;
}

.-m-5 {
  margin: -20px;
}

.-m-6 {
  margin: -24px;
}

.-m-8 {
  margin: -32px;
}

.-m-10 {
  margin: -40px;
}

.-m-12 {
  margin: -48px;
}

.-m-16 {
  margin: -64px;
}

/* Position Utilities */
/* Position Utilities */
.top-0 {
  top: 0px;
}

.top-1 {
  top: 4px;
}

.top-2 {
  top: 8px;
}

.top-3 {
  top: 12px;
}

.top-4 {
  top: 16px;
}

.top-5 {
  top: 20px;
}

.top-6 {
  top: 24px;
}

.top-8 {
  top: 32px;
}

.top-10 {
  top: 40px;
}

.top-12 {
  top: 48px;
}

.top-16 {
  top: 64px;
}

.left-0 {
  left: 0px;
}

.left-1 {
  left: 4px;
}

.left-2 {
  left: 8px;
}

.left-3 {
  left: 12px;
}

.left-4 {
  left: 16px;
}

.left-5 {
  left: 20px;
}

.left-6 {
  left: 24px;
}

.left-8 {
  left: 32px;
}

.left-10 {
  left: 40px;
}

.left-12 {
  left: 48px;
}

.left-16 {
  left: 64px;
}

.right-0 {
  right: 0px;
}

.right-1 {
  right: 4px;
}

.right-2 {
  right: 8px;
}

.right-3 {
  right: 12px;
}

.right-4 {
  right: 16px;
}

.right-5 {
  right: 20px;
}

.right-6 {
  right: 24px;
}

.right-8 {
  right: 32px;
}

.right-10 {
  right: 40px;
}

.right-12 {
  right: 48px;
}

.right-16 {
  right: 64px;
}

.bottom-0 {
  bottom: 0px;
}

.bottom-1 {
  bottom: 4px;
}

.bottom-2 {
  bottom: 8px;
}

.bottom-3 {
  bottom: 12px;
}

.bottom-4 {
  bottom: 16px;
}

.bottom-5 {
  bottom: 20px;
}

.bottom-6 {
  bottom: 24px;
}

.bottom-8 {
  bottom: 32px;
}

.bottom-10 {
  bottom: 40px;
}

.bottom-12 {
  bottom: 48px;
}

.bottom-16 {
  bottom: 64px;
}

/* Position Utilities with !important */
.top-0-important {
  top: 0px !important;
}

.top-1-important {
  top: 4px !important;
}

.top-2-important {
  top: 8px !important;
}

.top-3-important {
  top: 12px !important;
}

.top-4-important {
  top: 16px !important;
}

.top-5-important {
  top: 20px !important;
}

.top-6-important {
  top: 24px !important;
}

.top-8-important {
  top: 32px !important;
}

.top-10-important {
  top: 40px !important;
}

.top-12-important {
  top: 48px !important;
}

.top-16-important {
  top: 64px !important;
}

.left-0-important {
  left: 0px !important;
}

.left-1-important {
  left: 4px !important;
}

.left-2-important {
  left: 8px !important;
}

.left-3-important {
  left: 12px !important;
}

.left-4-important {
  left: 16px !important;
}

.left-5-important {
  left: 20px !important;
}

.left-6-important {
  left: 24px !important;
}

.left-8-important {
  left: 32px !important;
}

.left-10-important {
  left: 40px !important;
}

.left-12-important {
  left: 48px !important;
}

.left-16-important {
  left: 64px !important;
}

.right-0-important {
  right: 0px !important;
}

.right-1-important {
  right: 4px !important;
}

.right-2-important {
  right: 8px !important;
}

.right-3-important {
  right: 12px !important;
}

.right-4-important {
  right: 16px !important;
}

.right-5-important {
  right: 20px !important;
}

.right-6-important {
  right: 24px !important;
}

.right-8-important {
  right: 32px !important;
}

.right-10-important {
  right: 40px !important;
}

.right-12-important {
  right: 48px !important;
}

.right-16-important {
  right: 64px !important;
}

.bottom-0-important {
  bottom: 0px !important;
}

.bottom-1-important {
  bottom: 4px !important;
}

.bottom-2-important {
  bottom: 8px !important;
}

.bottom-3-important {
  bottom: 12px !important;
}

.bottom-4-important {
  bottom: 16px !important;
}

.bottom-5-important {
  bottom: 20px !important;
}

.bottom-6-important {
  bottom: 24px !important;
}

.bottom-8-important {
  bottom: 32px !important;
}

.bottom-10-important {
  bottom: 40px !important;
}

.bottom-12-important {
  bottom: 48px !important;
}

.bottom-16-important {
  bottom: 64px !important;
}

.text-blue {
  color: #006acc;
}

.text-bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

.radius-0 {
  border-radius: 0px;
}

.border-b {
  border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc;
}

.border-t {
  border-top: solid 1px #ccc;
}

.border-r {
  border-right: solid 1px #ccc;
}

.border-l {
  border-left: solid 1px #ccc;
}

/* OJS STRUCTURE */
.pkp_structure_main:before,
.pkp_structure_main:after {
  width: 0px;
}

@media (min-width: 1400px) {

  .container,
  .container-lg,
  .container-md,
  .container-sm,
  .container-xl,
  .container-xxl {
    max-width: 1140px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .pkp_structure_content {
    padding: 20px 0px 10px 0px;
  }

  .pkp_structure_main {
    padding-left: 0px;
    padding-right: 0px;
  }

  .pkp_structure_main h1 {
    font-family: "PT serif", serif;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 28px;
  }
}

div.pkp_structure_content.container {
  padding-top: 50px !important;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 1199px) {
  div.pkp_structure_content.container {
    padding-top: 20px !important;
  }
}

.alert {
  border-radius: 0px;
}

input.form-control {
  border-radius: 0;
}

input.form-control:focus {
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion);
  box-shadow: unset;
}

input.form-control:focus {
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: solid 2px #eee;
}

.btn {
  border-radius: 0px;
}

.btn:focus {
  border-radius: 0px;
}

.dropdown-toggle::after {
  content: none;
}

/* HEADER */
.navbar {
  margin-bottom: 0px !important;
  padding-top: 0;
}

.navbar-brand {
  padding-left: 0px;
}

.navbar-brand-logo img {
  top: 0px !important;
  background-color: transparent !important;
  padding: 0px !important;
}

.goldenage-logo {
  height: 36px;
}

.goldenage-btn-browse {
  border: 0px;
  outline: none;
}

.goldenage-browse {
  height: 82px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {
  .goldenage-browse {
    height: 40px;
  }
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown.d-flex .has-chevron {
  border: 1px solid transparent;
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown.d-flex .has-chevron:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}

#goldenageSearch:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown.d-flex:hover .has-chevron {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
}

/* PRECISION DROPDOWN MENU POSITIONING & STYLING SYSTEM */
.goldenage-browse .dropdown,
#secondNavigation .dropdown,
.navbar-collapse .dropdown {
  position: relative !important;
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown-menu,
#secondNavigation .dropdown-menu,
.second-dropdown-menu {
  display: none;
  position: absolute !important;
  top: 100% !important;
  left: 0 !important;
  right: auto !important;
  transform: none !important;
  margin-top: 4px !important;
  padding: 10px 0 !important;
  min-width: 230px !important;
  background-color: #ffffff !important;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0 !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) !important;
  z-index: 1060 !important;
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown-menu.show,
#secondNavigation .dropdown-menu.show,
.second-dropdown-menu.show {
  display: block !important;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .goldenage-browse .dropdown:hover > .dropdown-menu,
  #secondNavigation .dropdown:hover > .dropdown-menu {
    display: block !important;
    position: absolute !important;
    top: 100% !important;
    left: 0 !important;
  }
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item,
#secondNavigation .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item,
.second-dropdown-menu .dropdown-item {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  padding: 10px 20px !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  font-size: 0.95rem !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  background: transparent !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
}

.goldenage-browse .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:hover,
#secondNavigation .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:hover,
.second-dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:hover {
  background-color: #fdf2f8 !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  padding-left: 24px !important;
}

.goldenage-browse a {
  padding: 0px 25px;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-size: 16px;
}


/* NAVBAR MOBILE */
#userMenuMobile #navigationUser {
  display: block;
  height: auto !important;
  z-index: 1032;
}

#userMenuMobile #navigationUser>li:last-child a::before {
  display: none;
}

#userMenuMobile #navigationUser>li a {
  justify-content: start;
  padding: 10px 20px;
}

.mobile-user-icon {
  cursor: pointer;
}

.mobile-user-icon:hover i.fa-user {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade);
  color: white;
}

/* SECOND NAVIGATION */
.second-navigation {
  height: 42px;
  top: 121.38px;
  z-index: 1040;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  .second-navigation {
    top: 49px;
  }

  .second-navigation a {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}

.second-navigation a {
  padding: 2px 8px;
  color: white;
  font-size: 16px;
  border: solid 1px transparent;
}

.second-navigation a.dropdown-toggle:hover {
  border: solid 1px #eee;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

.second-navigation a.has-chevron::after {
  content: "";
  display: inline-block;
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201792%201792%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20fill%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1683%20808l-742%20741q-19%2019-45%2019t-45-19l-742-741q-19-19-19-45.5t19-45.5l166-165q19-19%2045-19t45%2019l531%20531%20531-531q19-19%2045-19t45%2019l166%20165q19%2019%2019%2045.5t-19%2045.5z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
  background-size: contain;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  margin-right: 5px;
  border: 0;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.second-navigation a.has-chevron.rotate::after {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}

ul.second-dropdown-menu {
  border: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  box-shadow: none;
  margin-top: 3px !important;
}

ul.second-dropdown-menu li a.dropdown-item {
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  border-top: solid 1px #ddd;
}

.second-navigation.goldenage-browse a {
  padding: 0px 25px;
  color: white !important;
  font-size: 16px;
}

button.goldenage-content-alert:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}

.goldenage-browse li a {
  font-size: 14px;
}

.goldenage-browse a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

a.has-chevron::after {
  content: "";
  display: inline-block;
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201792%201792%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20fill%3D%22%235b0602%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1683%20808l-742%20741q-19%2019-45%2019t-45-19l-742-741q-19-19-19-45.5t19-45.5l166-165q19-19%2045-19t45%2019l531%20531%20531-531q19-19%2045-19t45%2019l166%20165q19%2019%2019%2045.5t-19%2045.5z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
  background-size: contain;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  margin-right: 5px;
  border: 0;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

a.has-chevron.rotate::after {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}

/* POPUP ALERT  */
.goldenage-benefits {
  list-style: none;
}

.goldenage-benefits li span {
  font-size: 16px;
}

/* SUBHEADER */
.goldenage-homepage-title {
  font-size: 28px !important;
  font-weight: bold;
  margin: 0px !important;
  font-family: "PT serif", serif;
}

.goldenage-openaccess {
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 16px;
}

.goldenage-openaccess::before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 18px;
  height: 18px;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2218%22%20height%3D%2218%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201792%201792%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20fill%3D%22%23ffa500%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1376%20768q40%200%2068%2028t28%2068v576q0%2040-28%2068t-68%2028h-960q-40%200-68-28t-28-68v-576q0-40%2028-68t68-28h32v-320q0-185%20131.5-316.5t316.5-131.5%20316.5%20131.5%20131.5%20316.5q0%2026-19%2045t-45%2019h-64q-26%200-45-19t-19-45q0-106-75-181t-181-75-181%2075-75%20181v320h736z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  background-size: contain;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  margin-right: 5px;
  margin-top: 2px;
}

.goldenage-subheader-container {
  height: 150px;
}

.goldenage-subheader-container a {
  font-size: 28px;
  z-index: 10;
  padding-left: 30px;
  margin-top: -30px;
}

.goldenage-subheader-container a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.goldenage-bg-subheader {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  object-fit: cover;
}

/* Official Dimensions badges: preserve the compact statistics layout and
   provide an honest fallback when the external service cannot be loaded. */
.lakaspia-dimensions-metric .__dimensions_badge_embed__ {
  display: none;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-metric {
  display: none !important;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-metric.is-ready {
  display: flex !important;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-metric.is-ready .__dimensions_badge_embed__ {
  display: inline-block;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-metric.is-ready .lakaspia-dimensions-status {
  display: none;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-status {
  color: #64748b;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.lakaspia-dimensions-metric.is-unavailable .lakaspia-dimensions-status {
  color: #64748b;
}

.article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr));
  align-items: stretch;
  background: #f8fafc;
}

.article-engagement-card .metric-box {
  min-width: 0;
  min-height: 96px;
  padding: 0.75rem 0.5rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  border-right: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  text-align: center;
}

.article-engagement-card .metric-box .fs-4 {
  font-size: 1.25rem !important;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.article-engagement-card .metric-box .small,
.article-engagement-card .metric-box .lakaspia-dimensions-status {
  font-size: 0.8rem;
}

.article-engagement-card .article-actions-box {
  min-height: 96px;
  padding: 0.65rem 0.75rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  background: #fff;
}

.article-engagement-card .article-actions-box .btn {
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.lakaspia-share-menu .dropdown-item {
  transition: background 0.15s ease, color 0.15s ease;
}

.lakaspia-share-menu .dropdown-item:hover {
  background: #f1f5f9 !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }
  .article-engagement-card .metric-box:nth-child(2) {
    border-right: 0;
  }
  .article-engagement-card .metric-box:nth-child(1),
  .article-engagement-card .metric-box:nth-child(2) {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  }
}

.author-affiliation-index {
  line-height: 1;
  align-self: flex-start;
  top: 0.15em;
  position: relative;
}

.lakaspia-country-flag {
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }

  .article-engagement-card .article-download-action,
  .article-engagement-card .article-share-action {
    grid-column: span 3;
    min-height: 68px;
    border-top: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
    border-right: 0;
  }
}

/* LAKASPIA 2.7: captcha, template, indexing and alignment refinements */
.lakaspia-recaptcha {
  min-width: 0 !important;
  overflow-x: auto !important;
  text-align: left !important;
}

.lakaspia-recaptcha .g-recaptcha {
  display: inline-block !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
}

.lakaspia-template-download {
  width: 100% !important;
  min-height: 105px !important;
  padding: 10px !important;
  border: 1px solid transparent !important;
  background: #ffffff !important;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease !important;
}

.lakaspia-template-download img {
  width: auto !important;
  max-width: 125px !important;
  max-height: 105px !important;
  object-fit: contain !important;
}

.lakaspia-template-download:hover,
.lakaspia-template-download:focus-visible {
  transform: translateY(-2px) !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.1) !important;
  outline: none !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card {
  min-height: 64px !important;
  padding: 9px !important;
  gap: 0 !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card::after {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card img {
  width: auto !important;
  max-width: 100px !important;
  height: 32px !important;
  max-height: 32px !important;
}

/* Preserve scholarly paragraph alignment in both responsive and zoomable
   modes. The previous small-screen rule changed these blocks to left. */
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .goldenage-homepage-description,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #overviewContent,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #overviewContent p,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #tab-aims,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #tab-aims p,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .about-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .privacy-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .guidelines-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .goldenage-homepage-description,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable #overviewContent,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable #overviewContent p,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable #tab-aims,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable #tab-aims p,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .about-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .privacy-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .guidelines-content {
  text-align: justify !important;
  text-justify: inter-word !important;
}

/* Breadcrumb and second navigation share the same physical alignment. */
body #goldenageBreadcrumbHome > .container,
body #secondNavigation > .container {
  max-width: 1340px !important;
  padding-left: 20px !important;
  padding-right: 20px !important;
}

body #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu > li:first-child > a,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list > li:first-child > a {
  padding-left: 0 !important;
  justify-content: flex-start !important;
}

body #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu > li:last-child > a,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list > li:last-child > a {
  padding-right: 0 !important;
  justify-content: flex-end !important;
}

@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
  .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .article-engagement-card .metric-box,
  .article-engagement-card .article-download-action,
  .article-engagement-card .article-share-action {
    grid-column: auto;
    min-height: 64px;
    border-right: 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  }
}

/* Preset contrast contract. This final guard prevents light secondary
   colours (gold, emerald and neon accents) from retaining white text. */
.btn-primary,
.btn-purplepotion,
.button,
.btn-reset-password,
.goldenage-searchpage-btn,
.btn-outline-purplepotion:hover {
  color: var(--lakaspia-on-primary, #ffffff) !important;
}

.btn-purplepotion-light,
.btn-purplepotion:hover,
.btn-reset-password:hover,
.goldenage-searchpage-btn:hover,
#goldenageCitation .card-body .d-flex.justify-content-between.w-full.mt-4 div button.btn.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle:hover {
  color: var(--lakaspia-on-secondary, #ffffff) !important;
}

.btn-primary:hover,
.button:hover {
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

/* ================================================================
   LAKASPIA 2.6 — ONE ALIGNMENT GRID + RESPONSIVE/ZOOMABLE MODES
   These scoped rules replace legacy generic .col-md-* overrides.
   ================================================================ */
#upperNavbar > .container,
#goldenageBreadcrumbHome > .container,
#searchWidget > .container,
#secondNavigation > .container,
.pkp_structure_content.container,
#main-content.container,
.page.container,
body > .container {
  max-width: 1340px !important;
  padding-left: 20px !important;
  padding-right: 20px !important;
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list {
  justify-content: space-between !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li {
  flex: 0 1 auto !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li:first-child > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li:first-child > a {
  padding-left: 0 !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li:last-child > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li:last-child > a {
  padding-right: 0 !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: wrap !important;
  align-items: flex-start !important;
  margin-left: -12px !important;
  margin-right: -12px !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-main-column,
.lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-sidebar-column,
.lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-additional-column {
  min-width: 0 !important;
  padding-left: 12px !important;
  padding-right: 12px !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
  float: none !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row:not(.lakaspia-layout-row--three) > .lakaspia-main-column {
  flex: 0 0 75% !important;
  width: 75% !important;
  max-width: 75% !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded) {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
  margin-top: 0 !important;
  align-self: flex-start !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row--three > .lakaspia-additional-column,
.lakaspia-layout-row--three > .lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded) {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
}

.lakaspia-layout-row--three > .lakaspia-main-column {
  flex: 0 0 50% !important;
  width: 50% !important;
  max-width: 50% !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded {
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
}

/* Responsive mode: reorder only when the available width requires it. */
@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-main-column,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded),
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-additional-column {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-main-column {
    order: 1;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-additional-column {
    order: 2;
    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded) {
    order: 3;
    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation > .container {
    overflow-x: auto !important;
    scrollbar-width: thin;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list {
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
    width: max-content !important;
    min-width: 100% !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a {
    padding-left: 16px !important;
    padding-right: 16px !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
  }
}

/* Zoomable mode uses a 1280px layout viewport. Keep the complete desktop
   composition intact and allow the browser to scale/pinch-zoom it. */
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable {
  min-width: 1180px !important;
  overflow-x: visible !important;
}

body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .lakaspia-explore-list--two,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .lakaspia-archive-list--two {
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
}

.lakaspia-article-layout-row {
  align-items: flex-start !important;
}

.lakaspia-article-layout-row > .col-article-main {
  flex: 0 0 75% !important;
  width: 75% !important;
  max-width: 75% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
}

.lakaspia-article-layout-row > .col-article-sidebar {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-article-layout-row > .col-article-main,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-article-layout-row > .col-article-sidebar {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-article-layout-row > .col-article-sidebar {
    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
  }
}

/* Zoomable must not inherit mobile overflow clipping from older rules. */
@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
  html:has(body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable),
  body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable {
    max-width: none !important;
    overflow-x: visible !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable #secondNavigation {
    max-width: none !important;
    overflow: visible !important;
  }
}

.article-license-section .copyright-statement,
.article-license-section .license-terms,
.article-license-section .license-terms p,
.article-license-section .license-terms li {
  text-align: justify;
  text-justify: inter-word;
}

/* Dynamic journal Explore articles panel */
.lakaspia-explore-panel {
  background: transparent;
}

.lakaspia-explore-controls {
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid #d9dee7;
  border-radius: 8px;
  box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.08);
}

.lakaspia-explore-tabs {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
  background: #f1f3f6;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d9dee7;
}

.lakaspia-explore-tabs--1 { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.lakaspia-explore-tabs--2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.lakaspia-explore-tabs--3 { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.lakaspia-explore-tabs--4 { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }

.lakaspia-explore-tab {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 52px;
  padding: 0.75rem 0.5rem;
  border: 0;
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d9df;
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.lakaspia-explore-tab:hover:not(.is-active) {
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  color: var(--purplepotion-dark);
}

.lakaspia-explore-tab:last-child {
  border-right: 0;
}

.lakaspia-explore-tab.is-active {
  background: var(--purplepotion);
  color: #fff;
}

.lakaspia-explore-tab.is-active::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 50%;
  bottom: -9px;
  width: 18px;
  height: 18px;
  transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(45deg);
  background: var(--purplepotion);
  z-index: 2;
}

.lakaspia-explore-description {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 1.2rem 1rem;
  background: #f4f5f7;
  color: #475569;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d9dee7;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list {
  margin-top: 1rem;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two {
  display: grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
  align-items: stretch !important;
  gap: 1rem !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two > .article-summary {
  min-width: 0 !important;
  height: 100% !important;
  margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}

.lakaspia-archive-list--one {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.lakaspia-archive-list--two {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  align-items: stretch;
}

.lakaspia-archive-list--two > .archive-issue-card {
  height: 100%;
  min-width: 0;
}

/* Inline-style fallback for OJS 3.3 themes that render Bootstrap utilities
   differently: component classes below remain fully self-contained. */
.lakaspia-explore-controls {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-tabs {
  width: 100% !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-track {
  flex-direction: row !important;
  flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two .goldenage-article-title {
  font-size: 1.05rem !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two .media-body {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-direction: column !important;
  height: 100% !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two .article-stats-icons {
  row-gap: 0.6rem !important;
}

.lakaspia-explore-list--two .doi {
  margin-top: 0.65rem !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  overflow-wrap: anywhere !important;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  .lakaspia-explore-list--two,
  .lakaspia-archive-list--two {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
  .lakaspia-explore-tabs--4 {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }

  .lakaspia-explore-tabs--4 .lakaspia-explore-tab:nth-child(2) {
    border-right: 0;
  }

  .lakaspia-explore-tabs--4 .lakaspia-explore-tab:nth-child(-n+2) {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d9df;
  }

}

.goldenage-subheader-belt {
  top: 35px;
  left: 0px;
}

.goldenage-subheader-card {
  position: relative;
  margin-top: -30px;
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
  z-index: 11;
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.goldenage-association img {
  margin-left: 20px;
  height: 42px;
}

#modalContentAlert .modal-title.text-center {
  font-size: 24px;
  font-family: "PT serif", serif;
  font-weight: bold;
}

.modal-header {
  border-bottom: 0;
}

.modal-backdrop {
  z-index: unset;
}

.goldenage-breadcrumb a {
  font-weight: 600;
  color: white;
  font-size: 13px;
}

/* Clean Breadcrumb Styling without pseudo-triangles */

nav.cmp_breadcrumbs {
  display: none;
}

/* SECONDARY TITLE */
#searchWidget {
  top: 25.5px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  #searchWidget a.h3 {
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
}

.goldenage-widget-wrapper p {
  font-size: 16px !important;
}

.goldenage-widget-wrapper ul li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
}

/* SEARCH BAR */
#upperSearch {
  padding: 8px 0px;
  top: 73px;
  z-index: 1022;
  border: 0;
  border-left: solid 1px #eee;
}

#upperSearch div.relative.bg-white {
  padding: 10px 0px;
  border-top: solid 1px #bfbfbf;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {
  #upperSearch div.relative.bg-white {
    top: 8px;
    border-top: none;
  }
}

#upperSearch input.form-control {
  height: 56px;
  border-radius: 5px;
}

#upperSearch .button-search {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  color: white;
  border-radius: 5px;
  height: 56px;
  padding: 15px;
}

#upperSearch .button-search:hover {
  background-color: #850600cf;
}

#upperSearch button.close-search:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}

#upperSearch button.close-search {
  background-color: white;
  padding: 8px 0px;
  border-radius: 5px;
  height: 56px;
  right: 10px;
  top: 10px;
  padding: 15px;
}

#upperSearchForm {
  height: 60px;
  position: relative;
  top: 0px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 1500px) {
  #upperSearchForm {
    margin-right: 100px;
  }
}

.search-filler {
  background-color: rgb(0 0 0 / 50%);
  height: 100vh;
  width: 100%;
}

form.d-flex {
  border: solid 1px transparent;
  transition: border 0.3s ease;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.goldenage-search-label {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-right: 0;
  width: 250px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 14px !important;
  background-color: #eee;
  padding: 5px;
}

.goldenage-search-label:focus-within {
  border: 0px;
}

.goldenage-search-input {
  border-top: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-left: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-right: none;
  border-radius: 0px;
  padding: 19px;
}

.goldenage-search-input:focus {
  box-shadow: unset;
}

.goldenage-btn-search {
  border-top: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-right: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc;
  border-left: none;
  border-radius: 0px;
}

.goldenage-btn-search:hover {
  border-top: solid 1px #aaa;
  border-right: solid 1px #aaa;
  border-bottom: solid 1px #aaa;
  border-left: none;
}

.btn:active:focus {
  outline: none;
}

.btn-outline-goldenage {
  border: solid 1px teal;
  padding: 10px;
  border-radius: 2px;
  color: teal;
}

.btn-outline-goldenage:hover {
  border: solid 1px teal !important;
  background-color: rgb(239, 255, 255);
  color: teal !important;
}

.btn-goldenage {
  padding: 10px;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: teal;
  color: white;
}

.btn-goldenage:hover,
.btn-goldenage:focus {
  border-color: rgb(0, 104, 104) !important;
  padding: 10px;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: rgb(0, 104, 104) !important;
  color: white !important;
}

.goldenage-search-icon {
  height: 26px;
}

.goldenage-mobile-search {
  border: solid 1px #ccc;
  height: 40px;
  padding-right: 35px;
  box-shadow: none;
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
}

.goldenage-mobile-search:focus {
  box-shadow: none;
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
  border: solid 1px teal;
}

.pkp_navigation_user_wrapper {
  position: static;
}

/* PROFILE ICON */
#profileDropdown span {
  font-size: 12px;
  color: #333;
}

.nav-link.dropdown-toggle::after {
  display: none;
}

.dropdown-menu {
  padding: 0px;
  box-shadow: 3px 3px #e5e5e5;
  border-radius: 0px;
  border: solid 1px #eee;
}

nav.dropdown-menu {
  border-radius: 0px;
  padding: 0px;
}

#navigationUserWrapper {
  height: 80px;
}

#navigationUser {
  display: inline-flex;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  height: 80px;
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}

#navigationUser li.dropdown {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {
  #navigationUser li.dropdown a.dropdown-toggle {
    color: white;
    background-color: var(--goldenage-accent);
    border-top-left-radius: 5px;
    border-top-right-radius: 5px;
  }
}

#navigationUser>li.dropdown>ul.dropdown-menu-end {
  margin-left: 0px;
  padding-left: 0px;
}

ul.dropdown-menu-end li:last-of-type a:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: white !important;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 5px !important;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 5px !important;
}

#navigationUser>li:last-child {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

#navigationUser>li:last-child a::before {
  content: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2226%22%20height%3D%2226%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201792%201792%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20fill%3D%22%235b0602%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1329%20784q47%2014%2089.5%2038t89%2073%2079.5%20115.5%2055%20172%2022%20236.5q0%20154-100%20263.5t-241%20109.5h-854q-141%200-241-109.5t-100-263.5q0-131%2022-236.5t55-172%2079.5-115.5%2089-73%2089.5-38q-79-125-79-272%200-104%2040.5-198.5t109.5-163.5%20163.5-109.5%20198.5-40.5%20198.5%2040.5%20163.5%20109.5%20109.5%20163.5%2040.5%20198.5q0%20147-79%20272zm-433-656q-159%200-271.5%20112.5t-112.5%20271.5%20112.5%20271.5%20271.5%20112.5%20271.5-112.5%20112.5-271.5-112.5-271.5-271.5-112.5zm427%201536q88%200%20150.5-71.5t62.5-173.5q0-239-78.5-377t-225.5-145q-145%20127-336%20127t-336-127q-147%207-225.5%20145t-78.5%20377q0%20102%2062.5%20173.5t150.5%2071.5h854z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  width: 26px;
  margin-top: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
}

#navigationUser>ul>li>ul.dropdown-menu.dropdown-menu-end {
  position: absolute;
  top: 90px;
  right: 0px;
  margin-top: 0px;
}

#navigationUser>ul>li>ul.dropdown-menu.dropdown-menu-end.show {
  border-radius: 5.25px;
  margin-top: 0px;
}

#navigationUser ul.dropdown-menu-end>li a {
  padding: 10px 15px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 14px;
  justify-content: left;
}

#navigationUser ul.dropdown-menu-end>li>a>span.badge {
  display: block;
  margin-left: 10px;
  color: white;
  padding: 5px;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  border-radius: 5px;
}

#navigationUser,
ul#navigationUser li {
  width: 100% !important;
  list-style-type: none;
}

ul#navigationUser li a {
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 0px;
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 16px;
  padding: 0px 15px;
  height: 100%;
  flex: 1 1 auto !important;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

ul#navigationUser li a:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}

a.dropdown-submenu::before {
  display: none;
}

.nav-pills>li+li {
  margin-left: unset;
}

#navigationUser>li.dropdown>ul.dropdown-menu.dropdown-menu-end {
  position: absolute;
  top: 80px;
  right: 0px;
  margin-top: 0px;
  z-index: 1021;
}

ul.dropdown-menu.show li a.dropdown-item:active {
  background-color: #eee;
}

.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
  position: absolute;
}

.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
  width: 150px;
}

a.nav-link.dropdown-toggle {
  padding: 10px;
  word-wrap: break-word;
}

#navigationUser span.badge {
  display: none;
}

.article-keywords .keyword-badge,
.article-keywords span.badge {
  display: inline-block !important;
  background-color: #ffffff !important;
  color: #1e293b !important;
  border: 1px solid #cbd5e1 !important;
  padding: 6px 12px !important;
  font-size: 0.85rem !important;
  font-weight: 500 !important;
  border-radius: 6px !important;
  margin-right: 6px !important;
  margin-bottom: 6px !important;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08) !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out !important;
}

.article-keywords .keyword-badge:hover,
.article-keywords span.badge:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion, #7b1fa2) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion, #7b1fa2) !important;
  transform: translateY(-1px) !important;
}

.dropdown-menu-browse>li>a {
  border-left: solid 2px transparent;
  color: #333 !important;
}

.dropdown-menu-browse>li>a:hover {
  border-left: solid 2px teal;
}

.goldenage-black-link {
  color: #333;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-wrap: nowrap;
}

.goldenage-black-link:hover {
  color: teal !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
  text-wrap: nowrap;
}

@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .goldenage-association {
    display: none;
  }

  .goldenage-belt {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .goldenage-left-belt {
    justify-content: start;
  }

  .goldenage-right-belt {
    justify-content: start;
  }
}

/* INDEX JOURNAL BODY*/
#journalOverview h4 {
  font-size: 22px;
}

#overviewTab li:first-of-type {
  border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px;
}

#overviewTab li a.active {
  position: relative;
}

#overviewTab li a.active:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -8px;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  border-left: 8px solid transparent;
  border-right: 8px solid transparent;
  border-top: 8px solid var(--purplepotion);
}

.breadcrumb>li+li:before {
  padding: 0 5px;
  color: #ccc;
  content: "/\00a0";
}

h2.media-heading>a.title {
  font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: teal;
}

h2.media-heading>a.title:hover {
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

h2.media-heading>div.series.lead {
  font-size: 16px;
  color: #555 !important;
}

img.goldenage-homepage-image {
  width: 150px;
  height: auto;
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
}

.goldenage-description-box {
  padding: 10px;
  border: solid 1px #ccc;
  background-color: #fafafa;
}

div.journal-description p a {
  color: #006acc;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

div.journal-description p a:hover {
  color: teal;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.current_issue_description img {
  height: 20px !important;
  width: 30px !important;
  margin: 5px !important;
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
}

.current_issue_description p {
  margin: 0px !important;
}

/* TOC */
.current_issue h3 {
  font-size: 22px;
}

.goldenage-current-issue-title {
  font-weight: bold;
  color: teal;
}

div.issue-details>p.published {
  margin-top: 0px !important;
  padding-top: 0px !important;
  margin-bottom: 30px !important;
  color: #666;
}

header.page-header {
  border-bottom: 0px;
}

header.page-header.mb-4 {
  margin-bottom: 0px !important;
  padding-bottom: 5px !important;
}

header.page-header.mb-4 h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0px !important;
  padding-bottom: 0px !important;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* TOC - Article Summary */
a.cover > img.img-responsive.h-64{
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
}

.goldenage-article-summary {
  padding: 10px;
  margin: -1px 0px;
  border: solid 1px #ccc;
}

.goldenage-article-summary:hover {
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
  box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

.goldenage-article-summary:hover::after {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}

section.section>div.page-header {
  display: none;
}

.pkp_structure_main h2 {
  font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
}

.text-pretitle {
  color: #666;
  font-size: 12px;
}

h3.media-heading {
  padding-bottom: 0px !important;
  margin: 0px !important;
}

.goldenage-article-title a {
  position: relative;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  font-size: 1.25rem !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion, #7b1fa2) !important;
  font-family: "PT Serif", serif !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
}

.goldenage-article-title>a::after {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}

.goldenage-article-title a:hover::after {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}

.goldenage-article-title a:hover {
  text-decoration: none !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion-dark, #4a148c) !important;
}

span.goldenage-article-separator {
  color: #ccc !important;
}

.goldenage-galley-link {
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion) !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.goldenage-galley-link:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: #fff !important;
}

.btn-goldenage-all-issues {
  background-color: #f65c544a;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion);
  padding: 5px 10px;
}

.btn-goldenage-all-issues:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  color: white !important;
}

@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .goldenage-article-btn-group {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .d-flex.align-items-center.justify-content-end.w-100 {
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
    margin-top: 5px;
  }
}

a.galley-link.btn.btn-primary.pdf {
  border: solid 1px teal;
  padding: 5px 15px;
  color: teal;
  background-color: rgb(239, 255, 255);
}

a.galley-link.btn.btn-primary.pdf:hover {
  border: solid 1px teal;
  padding: 5px 15px;
  color: white;
  background-color: teal;
}

div.meta>div.authors {
  color: #666;
  font-size: 13px;
}

p.pages {
  color: teal;
  font-size: 13px;
  margin: 0px;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
}

.goldenage-doi {
  height: 16px;
}

.goldenage-doi-link {
  color: var(--purplepotion);
}

.goldenage-doi-link:hover {
  color: #9b1f18;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.goldenage-openaccess-triangle {
  display: none !important;
}

.img-openaccess {
  display: none !important;
}

/* UTILITIES */
.hover-cursor-pointer:hover {
  cursor: pointer;
}

.hover-shadow:hover {
  box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important;
}

.indexing-hover-shadow:hover {
  box-shadow: 1px 2px 12px 2px rgba(135, 135, 135, 0.35) !important;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 2px 12px 2px rgba(135, 135, 135, 0.35) !important;
  -moz-box-shadow: 1px 2px 12px 2px rgba(135, 135, 135, 0.35) !important;
}

.hover-purplepotion:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.hover-bg-light:hover {
  background-color: #f1f1f1 !important;
}

.text-ptserif {
  font-family: "PT serif", serif !important;
}

.top-0 {
  top: 0px;
}

.right-0 {
  right: 0px;
}

.goldenage-bg-light {
  background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

.bg-lighter {
  background-color: #f1f1f1;
}

.bg-purplepotion {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.bg-purplepotion-dark {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
}

.bg-purplepotion-light {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
}

.bg-purplepotion-shade {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
}

.bg-accent {
  background-color: var(--goldenage-accent) !important;
}

.border-purplepotion {
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.border-purplepotion-light {
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
}

.text-purplepotion {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.hover-text-white:hover {
  color: white !important;
}

.hover-underline-white:hover {
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.link-purplepotion {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.link-purplepotion:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
}

.hover-underline:hover {
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.btn-purplepotion {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  color: white;
}

.btn-purplepotion:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light);
  color: white;
}

.btn-outline-purplepotion {
  outline: 1px solid var(--purplepotion);
  color: var(--purplepotion);
}

.btn-outline-purplepotion:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  color: white;
}

.btn-purplepotion-light {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light);
  color: white;
  border: solid 1px var(--purplepotion-dark);
}

.btn-purplepotion-light:hover {
  background-color: #9b1f18;
  color: white;
}

.font-medium {
  font-weight: 600;
}

.nowrap {
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.bg-soft-pink {
  background-color: #ffeaea;
}

.grow {
  flex-grow: 1;
}

.top-1 {
  top: 4px;
}

.right-1 {
  right: 4px;
}

.top-2 {
  top: 8px;
}

.right-2 {
  right: 8px;
}

.underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

/* CUSTOM BLOCK */
#customblock-goldenage-indexing-and-abstracting a img {
  height: 24px;
}

/* UPPER FOOTER */
#upperFooter a {
  color: #fff;
}

#downFooter a {
  color: #fff;
}

p.goldenage-widget-title {
  color: white !important;
  font-size: 16px !important;
  font-weight: bold !important;
}

li.goldenage-widget-list a {
  color: white;
}

@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  .pkp_block.block_custom {
    width: 25% !important;
    padding: 1rem !important;
  }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
  .pkp_block.block_custom {
    width: 50% !important;
    padding: 1rem !important;
  }
}

/* FOOTER */

.shadow-inset-top {
  box-shadow: inset 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.goldenage-logo-wrapper {
  padding-right: 0px !important;
}

.goldenage-logo img,
.goldenage-links img,
.goldenage-sosmed img {
  height: 54px;
  width: auto;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.goldenage-logo ul,
.goldenage-links ul,
.goldenage-sosmed ul {
  padding-left: 0px;
  margin-top: 5px;
}

.goldenage-logo ul li a,
.goldenage-links ul li a,
.goldenage-sosmed ul li a {
  color: #555;
}

.goldenage-logo ul li a:hover,
.goldenage-links ul li a:hover,
.goldenage-sosmed ul li a:hover {
  color: teal;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.goldenage-logo ul li,
.goldenage-links ul li,
.goldenage-sosmed ul li {
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin-left: 0px;
  padding-left: 0px;
  font-size: 12px;
  color: #555 !important;
}

.goldenage-footer-subtitle {
  font-size: 18px;
  color: #555;
}

.goldenage-attributions {
  padding-top: 20px;
  border-top: solid 1px #ccc;
}

.goldenage-attributions a,
p.copyright {
  color: #555;
  font-size: 12px;
}

.goldenage-attributions a:hover {
  color: teal;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

p.copyright {
  margin-top: 5px;
}

/* BACK TO TOP */

#back-to-top {
  display: none;
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 20px;
  right: 20px;
  z-index: 999;
  cursor: pointer;
  background-color: var(--goldenage-accent);
  border: none;
  color: #fff;
  padding: 10px;
}

#back-to-top:hover {
  background-color: var(--goldenage-accent-light);
}

#back-to-top svg {
  fill: #fff;
}

/* ARTICLE DETAILS */
.goldenage-article-sidebar h3 {
  padding-top: 10px;
}

h1.page-header {
  font-weight: normal;
  font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
}

.article-summary h2 {
  font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
}

span.caret {
  display: none;
}

.list-group {
  border-radius: 0px;
  margin-top: 10px;
}

.list-group-item.doi a {
  word-break: break-word;
  font-size: 12px;
}

div.author strong {
  color: #555;
}

div.article-author-affilitation {
  color: #555;
}

/* ORCID ICON */
.goldenage-orcid_icon {
  fill: #a6ce39;
  width: 16px;
  /* Sesuaikan ukuran jika perlu */
  height: 16px;
}

.goldenage-orcid_icon .goldenage-st0 {
  fill: #a6ce39;
}

.goldenage-orcid_icon .goldenage-st1 {
  fill: #ffffff;
}

.goldenage-author-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.goldenage-orcid-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-left: 5px;
}

/* OVERVIEW */
#overviewTab li.nav-item a {
  background-color: #eee;
  color: var(--purplepotion);
}

#overviewTab li.nav-item a:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  color: white;
}

.rounded {
  border-radius: 5px !important;
}

.rounded-tl {
  border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 0px !important;
}

.rounded-tr {
  border-radius: 0px 5px 0px 0px !important;
}

.rounded-0 {
  border-radius: 0px !important;
}

#overviewContent {
  border: solid 1px #d3d2d2;
  padding: 10px;
}

div.fade-area {
  height: 100px;
  margin-top: -98px;
  margin-bottom: 2px;
  position: relative;
  background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(100, 100, 100, 0) 0, #fff 90%);
}

.aims-cta a {
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 16px;
}

.aims-cta a:hover {
  color: #9b1f18;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

/* SIDEBAR */
.goldenage-sidebar {
  padding-right: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
}

.goldenage-sidebar h2 {
  font-size: 22px;
  font-weight: bold !important;
}

/* ANNOUNCEMENTS / UPDATES */
.pkp_page_index .cmp_announcements {
  border-top: 0;
}

.cmp_announcements .list-group {
  border: solid 1px #808080;
  border-radius: 5px;
}

.cmp_announcements .list-group-header {
  color: white;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: 500;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion);
  padding: 10px;
}

.cmp_announcements .list-group a {
  padding: 10px;
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 16px;
  border-bottom: solid 1px #808080;
}

.cmp_announcements .list-group a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light);
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

article.announcement-summary .media-body h2.media-heading a {
  color: #333;
}

/* PAGE - LOGIN */
.text-xl {
  font-size: 2rem !important;
}

.page_login .login {
  max-width: 100%;
}

.goldenage-login-username,
.goldenage-login-password,
.goldenage-forgot-password-email {
  position: relative;
}

.goldenage-login-username::before {
  content: "\f0e0";
  font-family: FontAwesome;
  color: #7b2d4d;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  position: absolute;
  left: 10px;
  top: 67%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

.goldenage-login-password::before {
  content: "\f13e";
  font-family: FontAwesome;
  color: #7b2d4d;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  position: absolute;
  left: 10px;
  top: 70%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

.goldenage-forgot-password-email::before {
  content: "\f0e0";
  font-family: FontAwesome;
  color: #7b2d4d;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 20px;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  position: absolute;
  left: 10px;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

.goldenage-login-username input,
.goldenage-login-password input,
.goldenage-forgot-password-email input {
  padding-left: 40px;
}

/* PAGE - LOST PASSWORD */
.page_lost_password .lost_password {
  max-width: 100%;
}

.btn-reset-password {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  padding: 5px 15px !important;
  color: white !important;
}

.btn-reset-password:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
}

/* PAGE - REGISTER */
.goldenage-registration-form-identity label {
  width: 100%;
}

/* PAGE - ABOUT */
.col-12.col-md-9.pr-4 p a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.col-12.col-md-9.pr-4 p a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.a2a_kit a span {
  width: 22px;
  line-height: 22px;
  height: 22px;
  background-size: 22px;
  border-radius: 3px;
}

.alathfal-editorial-flag {
  width: 24px !important;
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(158,158,158,0.75);
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(158,158,158,0.75);
  -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(158,158,158,0.75);
}

/* PAGE - CURRENT ISSUE */
.goldenage-current-issue-title {
  font-size: 16px;
}

/* PAGE - ISSUE ARCHIVE / SUMMARY */
img.media-object.h-32.w-auto {
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
}
div.media-body>div>p>img,
div.media-body>div>p>strong>img {
  height: 20px !important;
  width: 30px !important;
  margin: 5px !important;
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px 0px rgba(161, 161, 161, 0.75);
  border: solid 1px #eaeaea;
}

/* PAGE - AUTHOR GUIDELINES */
.table2 td {
  padding: 10px;
}

/* PAGE - ARTICLE DETAILS */
.breadcrumb>li+li:before {
  display: inline-block;
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 5px 0 5px 10px;
  border-color: transparent transparent transparent var(--purplepotion-shade);
  content: "";
  margin-left: 10px;
  margin-right: 0px !important;
}

/* PAGE - SEARCH */
.goldenage-searchpage-btn {
  border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0 !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: white !important;
  border: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.goldenage-searchpage-btn:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  color: white !important;
}

/* DISPLAY PROPS */
.min-w-100 {
  min-width: 100% !important;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .pkp_block.block_custom {
    padding-right: 0px;
    padding-left: 0px;
  }

  .goldenage-current-issue-title {
    font-size: 20px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1367px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1340px;
  }
}

div.page_editorial_team p a,
div.page.page_about p a,
div.page.page_about ul li a,
div.page.page_about ul ul li a,
div.page.page_about ol li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

div.page_editorial_team p a:hover,
div.page.page_about p a:hover,
div.page.page_about ul li a:hover,
div.page.page_about ul ul li a:hover,
div.page.page_about ol li a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.article-abstract p {
  text-align: justify;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body h2 a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body h2 a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body ul li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body ul li a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body p a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

#goldenageCopyright .panel-body p a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

div.article-references-content p a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

div.article-references-content p a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

/* How to cite */

#goldenageCitation .card-body .d-flex.justify-content-between.w-full.mt-4 div button.btn.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: white !important;
  border: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-radius: 5px;
}

#goldenageCitation .card-body .d-flex.justify-content-between.w-full.mt-4 div button.btn.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  color: white !important;
  border: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  border-radius: 5px;
}

ul.dropdown-menu.w-100.radius-0.show li a,
ul.dropdown-menu.radius-0.show li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

ul.dropdown-menu.w-100.radius-0.show li a:hover,
ul.dropdown-menu.radius-0.show li a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

.goldenage-link {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

.goldenage-link:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

/* Most read */
#articlesBySameAuthorList ul li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
}

#articlesBySameAuthorList ul li a:hover {
  color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}

iframe html body .d-md-none a .row:last-of-type h3.text-white {
  font-size: 16px !important;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------
 * LAKASPIA THEME - GLOBAL SUBPAGE & CONTAINER OVERRIDES
 * ---------------------------------------------------- */
.pkp_structure_content {
  padding-top: 25px !important;
  padding-bottom: 40px !important;
}

.pkp_structure_main h1,
.pkp_structure_main h2,
.page-header h1,
.page-header h2,
.page h1,
.page h2 {
  font-family: "PT Serif", serif !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
}

.page-header h1 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--purplepotion);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.btn-primary,
.btn-purplepotion,
.button {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

.btn-primary:hover,
.btn-purplepotion:hover,
.button:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
}

.cmp_breadcrumbs,
.breadcrumb {
  background: transparent !important;
  padding: 0 0 15px 0 !important;
  margin-bottom: 15px !important;
}

.breadcrumb > li + li:before {
  content: "›" !important;
  color: #94a3b8;
  padding: 0 8px;
}

.breadcrumb a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.submission_checklist .list-group-item,
.author_guidelines,
.copyright-notice {
  background: #ffffff;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
}

.form-control:focus,
input[type="text"]:focus,
input[type="email"]:focus,
input[type="password"]:focus,
textarea:focus {
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.2rem rgba(125, 56, 87, 0.25) !important;
}

/* SIDEBAR CUSTOM BLOCK & WIDGET STYLING */
.sidebar-blocks-container .pkp_block {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container .pkp_block .title {
  font-family: "PT Serif", serif;
  color: var(--purplepotion);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--purplepotion);
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu {
  list-style: none !important;
  padding-left: 0 !important;
  margin-bottom: 10px !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu li a {
  color: #ffffff !important;
  display: block;
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu li a:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  padding-left: 20px;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container .counter,
.sidebar-blocks-container div.counter {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 15px;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container .counter img,
.sidebar-blocks-container img[src*="flagcounter"] {
  max-width: 100% !important;
  height: auto !important;
  border-radius: 4px;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

/* MOBILE RESPONSIVENESS OVERRIDE */
@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  #navbarContent.show,
  #navbarContent.collapse.show {
    display: block !important;
    background: #ffffff;
    padding: 15px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
    margin-top: 10px;
  }

  .goldenage-browse {
    flex-direction: column !important;
    gap: 10px;
  }

  #secondNavigation .container > div {
    overflow-x: auto;
    white-space: nowrap;
    padding-bottom: 5px;
  }

  .article-summary-card {
    padding: 15px !important;
  }
}

/* DUAL STACKED STICKY NAVBAR SYSTEM - LOCKS LOGO, NAVIGATION, LOGIN/REGISTER & SECONDARY NAV */
#upperNavbar {
  position: sticky !important;
  top: 0 !important;
  z-index: 1050 !important;
  background: #ffffff !important;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08) !important;
  transition: all 0.3s ease !important;
}

#goldenageBreadcrumbHome {
  position: relative !important;
  top: auto !important;
  z-index: 100 !important;
}

#secondNavigation {
  position: sticky !important;
  top: 72px !important;
  z-index: 1040 !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) !important;
  margin-top: 0 !important;
  margin-bottom: 20px !important;
  transition: all 0.3s ease !important;
}


/* ULTRA-STRICT INLINE CSS OVERRIDE SYSTEM FOR CUSTOM BLOCK SIDEBARS */
.pkp_structure_sidebar,
aside.pkp_structure_sidebar,
.goldenage-sidebar,
#sidebar,
.sidebar-blocks-container,
div[id*="customblock"] {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

/* HIDE TECHNICAL CUSTOM BLOCK HEADERS (USHUL-SIDEBAR, SIDEBAR, ETC) BY DEFAULT */
.pkp_block.block_custom .title,
div[id*="customblock"] .title,
div[id*="customblock"] > h2.title,
div[id*="customblock"] > h3.title {
  display: none !important;
  visibility: hidden !important;
  opacity: 0 !important;
  height: 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
}

.sidebar-blocks-container .pkp_block,
div[id*="customblock"],
div[id*="customblock"] .content {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  margin: 0 0 20px 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  background: transparent !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] ul,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.sidemenu,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.menu-list,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.menu-list {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  margin: 0 0 8px 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  background: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  border: none !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  list-style: none !important;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.06) !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] li,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.sidemenu li,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.menu-list li,
.sidebar-blocks-container li,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu li,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.menu-list li {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  background: transparent !important;
  border: none !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] li a,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.sidemenu li a,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.menu-list li a,
.sidebar-blocks-container li a,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu li a,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.menu-list li a {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
  padding: 12px 18px !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  background: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  font-size: 0.95rem !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  text-align: left !important;
  white-space: normal !important;
  word-break: normal !important;
  word-wrap: break-word !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] li a:hover,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.sidemenu li a:hover,
div[id*="customblock"] ul.menu-list li a:hover,
.sidebar-blocks-container li a:hover,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.sidemenu li a:hover,
.sidebar-blocks-container ul.menu-list li a:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  background: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  padding-left: 24px !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] .section,
div[id*="customblock"] .counter,
div[id*="customblock"] div.counter {
  background: transparent !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  margin-top: 15px !important;
  margin-bottom: 15px !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] .section-title {
  font-family: 'PT Serif', serif !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-size: 1.1rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--purplepotion) !important;
  padding-bottom: 6px !important;
  margin-bottom: 10px !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] ul.section-content,
div[id*="customblock"] .section-content ul {
  background: transparent !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: wrap !important;
  gap: 8px !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] ul.section-content li,
div[id*="customblock"] .section-content li {
  background: transparent !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  flex: 0 0 calc(50% - 4px) !important;
  max-width: calc(50% - 4px) !important;
  width: calc(50% - 4px) !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] img,
.sidebar-blocks-container img {
  max-width: 100% !important;
  height: auto !important;
  display: block !important;
  margin: 0 auto !important;
}

div[id*="customblock"] .section-content a,
div[id*="customblock"] a:has(img),
div[id*="customblock"] a.border {
  background: transparent !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  display: block !important;
  width: auto !important;
}


/* GLOBAL PREMIUM WIDE 1340PX CONTAINER SYSTEM */
.container,
.container-lg,
.container-md,
.container-sm,
.container-xl,
.container-xxl,
.pkp_structure_content {
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: 1340px !important;
  margin-left: auto !important;
  margin-right: auto !important;
  padding-left: 20px !important;
  padding-right: 20px !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

@media (min-width: 1400px) {
  .container,
  .container-lg,
  .container-md,
  .container-sm,
  .container-xl,
  .container-xxl,
  .pkp_structure_content {
    max-width: 1340px !important;
  }
}

/* 2-COLUMN GRID SYSTEM - 75% MAIN CONTENT & 25% SIDEBAR */
.pkp_structure_content > .row,
.pkp_structure_content .row {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: wrap !important;
  margin-left: -15px !important;
  margin-right: -15px !important;
}

.pkp_structure_main,
main.pkp_structure_main,
.col-md-9 {
  flex: 0 0 75% !important;
  max-width: 75% !important;
  width: 75% !important;
  padding-left: 15px !important;
  padding-right: 15px !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

.pkp_structure_sidebar,
aside.pkp_structure_sidebar,
.goldenage-sidebar,
#sidebar,
.col-md-3 {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  min-width: 320px !important;
  padding-left: 15px !important;
  padding-right: 15px !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
  display: block !important;
  visibility: visible !important;
  opacity: 1 !important;
  position: relative !important;
  right: auto !important;
  left: auto !important;
  float: none !important;
}

/* ULTIMATE ALL-DEVICE RESPONSIVE MEDIA QUERIES SYSTEM */
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .container,
  .container-lg,
  .container-md,
  .container-sm,
  .container-xl,
  .container-xxl,
  .pkp_structure_content {
    max-width: 1340px !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation {
    top: 72px !important;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199.98px) {
  .container,
  .pkp_structure_content {
    max-width: 960px !important;
  }

  .goldenage-homepage-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation {
    top: 65px !important;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991.98px) {
  .container,
  .pkp_structure_content {
    max-width: 720px !important;
    padding-left: 15px !important;
    padding-right: 15px !important;
  }

  .pkp_structure_main,
  main.pkp_structure_main,
  .col-md-9 {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
  }

  .pkp_structure_sidebar,
  aside.pkp_structure_sidebar,
  .goldenage-sidebar,
  #sidebar,
  .col-md-3 {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    min-width: 100% !important;
    margin-top: 30px !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation {
    position: relative !important;
    top: auto !important;
    overflow-x: auto !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation .container > div {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
    overflow-x: auto !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
  .container,
  .pkp_structure_content {
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding-left: 12px !important;
    padding-right: 12px !important;
  }

  #upperNavbar .container {
    padding-top: 8px !important;
    padding-bottom: 8px !important;
  }

  .goldenage-logo {
    max-height: 48px !important;
    width: auto !important;
  }

  .goldenage-homepage-title {
    font-size: 1.25rem !important;
    line-height: 1.3 !important;
    text-align: center !important;
  }

  .goldenage-openaccess {
    font-size: 0.78rem !important;
    padding: 4px 10px !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation {
    position: relative !important;
    top: auto !important;
    overflow-x: auto !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
    padding: 6px 0 !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation .container {
    overflow-x: auto !important;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
  }

  #secondNavigation a,
  #secondNavigation span {
    font-size: 0.85rem !important;
  }

  .goldenage-article-summary {
    padding: 15px !important;
  }

  .goldenage-article-title {
    font-size: 1.05rem !important;
    line-height: 1.35 !important;
  }

  .goldenage-galley-link {
    width: 100% !important;
    display: block !important;
    text-align: center !important;
    margin-right: 0 !important;
  }

  .pkp_structure_main,
  main.pkp_structure_main,
  .pkp_structure_sidebar,
  aside.pkp_structure_sidebar,
  .goldenage-sidebar,
  #sidebar,
  .col-md-9,
  .col-md-3 {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    min-width: 100% !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 360px) {
  .goldenage-logo {
    max-height: 38px !important;
  }

  .goldenage-homepage-title {
    font-size: 1.1rem !important;
  }

  #upperNavbar .navbar-brand {
    font-size: 1.1rem !important;
  }
}

/* DYNAMIC OJS PRIMARY NAVIGATION MENU STYLING FOR SECOND NAVIGATION BAR */
#secondNavigation {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  min-height: 52px !important;
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  z-index: 1040 !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) !important;
  border: none !important;
}

#secondNavigation .container {
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-direction: row !important;
  justify-content: flex-start !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  height: 52px !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  list-style: none !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li {
  position: relative !important;
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  height: 52px !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a {
  color: #ffffff !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  font-size: 0.95rem !important;
  padding: 0 22px !important;
  height: 52px !important;
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  gap: 8px !important;
  line-height: 1 !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: all 0.25s ease !important;
  border: none !important;
  background: transparent !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li:first-child > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li:first-child > a {
  padding-left: 0 !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a i,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a i {
  font-size: 0.95rem !important;
  line-height: 1 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  display: inline-block !important;
  vertical-align: middle !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a:hover,
#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li:hover > a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a:hover,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li:hover > a {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu li ul,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list li ul {
  display: none;
  position: absolute !important;
  top: 100% !important;
  left: 0 !important;
  min-width: 220px !important;
  background-color: #ffffff !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) !important;
  padding: 8px 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  list-style: none !important;
  z-index: 1060 !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu li:hover > ul,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list li:hover > ul {
  display: block !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu li ul li,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list li ul li {
  display: block !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu li ul li a,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list li ul li a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  padding: 10px 20px !important;
  display: block !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  font-size: 0.9rem !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
  background: transparent !important;
}

#secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu li ul li a:hover,
#secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list li ul li a:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion-dark) !important;
  padding-left: 24px !important;
}

/* DYNAMIC ABOUT JUMP TO SECTION NAVIGATION STYLING */
#about-navigation {
  list-style: none !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
}

#about-navigation > li {
  margin-bottom: 4px !important;
}

#about-navigation > li > a {
  display: block !important;
  padding: 8px 12px !important;
  color: #475569 !important;
  font-weight: 500 !important;
  font-size: 0.9rem !important;
  border-radius: 6px !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
}

#about-navigation > li > a:hover,
#about-navigation > li.active > a {
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
}

/* INTERACTIVE JOURNAL OVERVIEW TABS STYLING */
#overviewTab .nav-link {
  background-color: #f1f5f9 !important;
  color: #334155 !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0 !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  padding: 10px 18px !important;
  transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out !important;
}

#overviewTab .nav-link:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion-shade) !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion-light) !important;
}

#overviewTab .nav-link.active {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) !important;
}





/* ABSOLUTE GLOBAL NO-UNDERLINE RESET - ZERO UNDERLINES EVERYWHERE */
*,
*::before,
*::after,
a,
a:hover,
a:focus,
a:active,
a:visited,
.nav-link,
.dropdown-item,
.btn,
.sidebar-blocks-container a,
div[id*="customblock"] a,
footer a,
.goldenage-widget-list a,
.hover-underline,
.hover-underline-white,
.underline,
.text-decoration-underline {
  text-decoration: none !important;
  text-decoration-line: none !important;
  -webkit-text-decoration-line: none !important;
  border-bottom: none !important;
}

/* SUPER PREMIUM LUXURY ANIMATIONS, GLASSMORPHISM & MICRO-INTERACTIONS */
#scrollProgressBar {
  position: fixed !important;
  top: 0 !important;
  left: 0 !important;
  height: 4px !important;
  width: 0%;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--purplepotion) 0%, var(--purplepotion-light) 50%, #f43f5e 100%) !important;
  z-index: 9999 !important;
  transition: width 0.1s linear !important;
}

#upperNavbar {
  backdrop-filter: blur(12px) !important;
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px) !important;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96) !important;
}

.btn-purplepotion {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--purplepotion) 0%, var(--purplepotion-dark) 100%) !important;
  border: none !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important;
  transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) !important;
}

.btn-purplepotion:hover {
  transform: translateY(-2px) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18) !important;
  filter: brightness(1.05) !important;
}

.goldenage-article-summary,
.article-summary-card,
.issue-summary,
#keepInTouch {
  transition: all 0.35s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) !important;
}

.goldenage-article-summary:hover,
.article-summary-card:hover,
.issue-summary:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important;
}

/* SINGLE UNIFIED BACK TO TOP BUTTON */
#lakaspiaBackToTop,
.lakaspia-back-to-top-btn {
  position: fixed !important;
  bottom: 24px !important;
  right: 24px !important;
  width: 50px !important;
  height: 50px !important;
  border-radius: 50% !important;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--purplepotion) 0%, var(--purplepotion-dark) 100%) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  border: none !important;
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  font-size: 1.15rem !important;
  cursor: pointer !important;
  z-index: 99990 !important;
  opacity: 0 !important;
  visibility: hidden !important;
  transform: translateY(12px) scale(0.9) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.25) !important;
  transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) !important;
}

#lakaspiaBackToTop.has-wa-fab,
.lakaspia-back-to-top-btn.has-wa-fab {
  bottom: 88px !important;
  right: 28px !important;
  width: 46px !important;
  height: 46px !important;
}

#lakaspiaBackToTop.show,
.lakaspia-back-to-top-btn.show {
  opacity: 1 !important;
  visibility: visible !important;
  transform: translateY(0) scale(1) !important;
}

#lakaspiaBackToTop:hover,
.lakaspia-back-to-top-btn:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.08) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.35) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

#upperSearch {
  animation: slideDownSearch 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1) forwards !important;
}

@keyframes slideDownSearch {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(-15px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.lakaspia-toast {
  position: fixed !important;
  bottom: 90px !important;
  right: 30px !important;
  background: #0f172a !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  padding: 10px 20px !important;
  border-radius: 8px !important;
  font-size: 0.9rem !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.25) !important;
  z-index: 9999 !important;
  animation: fadeInOut 2.5s ease forwards !important;
}

@keyframes fadeInOut {
  0% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); }
  15% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  85% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  100% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); }
}

/* Sleek Article Summary & Open Access Corner Badge Styling */
.goldenage-article-summary {
  position: relative !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  border-radius: 10px !important;
  transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out !important;
}

.goldenage-article-summary:hover {
  transform: translateY(-2px) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 8px 10px -6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) !important;
}

.openaccess-corner-badge {
  pointer-events: none !important;
  z-index: 5 !important;
}

.openaccess-corner-badge .oa-badge-bg {
  transition: all 0.3s ease !important;
}

.goldenage-article-summary:hover .openaccess-corner-badge .oa-badge-bg {
  transform: scale(1.08) !important;
}

.btn-outline-purplepotion:hover {
  background-color: var(--purplepotion, #7b1fa2) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion, #7b1fa2) !important;
}

/* Academic Justified Text Alignment for Abstract, References & Journal Overview */
.abstract-text,
.abstract-content,
.article-abstract-section,
.references-text,
.raw-citations,
.article-references-section ol,
.article-references-section li,
#journalOverview,
#overviewContent,
#overviewContent p,
#tab-aims,
#tab-aims p,
.instructions-preview,
.editorial-preview {
  text-align: justify !important;
  text-justify: inter-word !important;
}

/* Sticky Sidebar on Scroll for Article Details Page & 1:1 Symmetrical Card Alignment */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .article-details-sidebar-sticky {
    position: -webkit-sticky !important;
    position: sticky !important;
    top: 20px !important;
    align-self: flex-start !important;
    z-index: 10 !important;
  }
}

.article-details-sidebar-sticky #sidebar,
.article-details-sidebar-sticky .goldenage-sidebar,
.article-details-sidebar-sticky .pkp_structure_sidebar {
  flex: 0 0 100% !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  min-width: 100% !important;
  padding-left: 0 !important;
  padding-right: 0 !important;
  margin-left: 0 !important;
  margin-right: 0 !important;
}

.article-details-sidebar-sticky > div,
.article-details-sidebar-sticky #sidebar > div {
  width: 100% !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
}

/* FLOATING WHATSAPP SUPPORT BUTTON (FAB) STYLING */
.floating-wa-btn {
  position: fixed !important;
  bottom: 24px !important;
  right: 24px !important;
  width: 54px !important;
  height: 54px !important;
  border-radius: 50% !important;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #25d366 0%, #128c7e 100%) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(37, 211, 102, 0.4) !important;
  z-index: 99999 !important;
  transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275) !important;
}

.floating-wa-btn:hover {
  transform: scale(1.12) translateY(-3px) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(37, 211, 102, 0.6) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

.floating-wa-btn .wa-tooltip {
  position: absolute !important;
  right: 64px !important;
  top: 50% !important;
  transform: translateY(-50%) !important;
  background: #1e293b !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  padding: 5px 12px !important;
  border-radius: 6px !important;
  font-size: 0.8rem !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  white-space: nowrap !important;
  opacity: 0 !important;
  visibility: hidden !important;
  transition: all 0.2s ease !important;
  pointer-events: none !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) !important;
}

.floating-wa-btn:hover .wa-tooltip {
  opacity: 1 !important;
  visibility: visible !important;
}

/* STANDARD NORMAL SIDEBAR POSITIONING (SCROLLS NATURALLY WITH PAGE CONTENT) */
#sidebar,
aside.pkp_structure_sidebar,
.goldenage-sidebar,
.col-article-sidebar {
  position: relative !important;
  top: auto !important;
  max-height: none !important;
  overflow-y: visible !important;
  align-self: initial !important;
}

/* SUPER LUXURY INDEXING SLIDER MARQUEE (CLEAN MINIMAL BORDERLESS) */
.indexing-marquee-wrapper {
  position: relative !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  padding: 4px 0 !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-wrapper::before,
.indexing-marquee-wrapper::after {
  content: "" !important;
  position: absolute !important;
  top: 0 !important;
  bottom: 0 !important;
  width: 70px !important;
  z-index: 5 !important;
  pointer-events: none !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-wrapper::before {
  left: 0 !important;
  background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)) !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-wrapper::after {
  right: 0 !important;
  background: linear-gradient(to left, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)) !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-track {
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  width: max-content !important;
  animation: indexingMarquee 22s linear infinite !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-track:hover {
  animation-play-state: paused !important;
}

.indexing-marquee-item {
  flex: 0 0 auto !important;
  padding: 0 8px !important;
  width: 145px !important;
  box-sizing: border-box !important;
  text-align: center !important;
}

.indexing-card {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  background: transparent !important;
  border: none !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
  height: 46px !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  padding: 2px 4px !important;
  transition: all 0.25s ease !important;
  cursor: pointer !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
}

.indexing-card img {
  max-height: 38px !important;
  max-width: 100% !important;
  object-fit: contain !important;
  transition: transform 0.25s ease, filter 0.25s ease !important;
}

.indexing-card:hover img {
  transform: scale(1.12) translateY(-2px) !important;
}

@keyframes indexingMarquee {
  0% {
    transform: translateX(0);
  }
  100% {
    transform: translateX(-50%);
  }
}

/* Lakaspia 2.3.8: balanced homepage header, navigation, indexing and footer */
.goldenage-homepage-description-wrap,
.goldenage-homepage-description {
  width: 100% !important;
}

.goldenage-homepage-description {
  margin: 0.35rem 0 0.65rem !important;
  color: #475569 !important;
  line-height: 1.65 !important;
  text-align: justify !important;
  text-justify: inter-word !important;
  overflow-wrap: break-word !important;
  hyphens: auto;
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
  #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu,
  #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list {
    justify-content: stretch !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li,
  #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li {
    flex: 1 1 0 !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li > a,
  #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li > a {
    width: 100% !important;
    padding: 0 14px !important;
    text-align: center !important;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
  }

  #secondNavigation ul.second-navigation-menu > li:first-child > a,
  #secondNavigation ul.pkp_nav_list > li:first-child > a {
    padding-left: 14px !important;
  }
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing {
  position: relative !important;
  overflow: hidden !important;
  border-top: 4px solid var(--purplepotion) !important;
  border-radius: 12px !important;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 0%, #fbf8fa 100%) !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -70px;
  right: -70px;
  width: 150px;
  height: 150px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--purplepotion) 8%, transparent);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-title {
  position: relative !important;
  z-index: 1 !important;
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  gap: 8px !important;
  margin-bottom: 16px !important;
  padding-bottom: 12px !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.1) !important;
  color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-family: 'PT Serif', serif !important;
  font-size: 1.15rem !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-title i {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  width: 34px !important;
  height: 34px !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  border-radius: 50% !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  background: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  font-size: 0.9rem !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-grid {
  position: relative !important;
  z-index: 1 !important;
  display: grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
  gap: 10px !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-direction: column !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  gap: 7px !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
  min-height: 72px !important;
  padding: 10px 8px 8px !important;
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0 !important;
  border-radius: 10px !important;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 7px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.05) !important;
  color: #64748b !important;
  text-align: center !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card::after {
  content: attr(title);
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  color: #64748b;
  font-size: 0.67rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.2;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card img {
  display: block !important;
  width: auto !important;
  max-width: 88px !important;
  height: 26px !important;
  max-height: 26px !important;
  margin: 0 auto !important;
  object-fit: contain !important;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card:hover,
.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card:focus-visible {
  transform: translateY(-3px) !important;
  border-color: var(--purplepotion) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.11) !important;
  outline: none !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card:hover img {
  transform: scale(1.05) !important;
}

.lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card:last-child:nth-child(odd) {
  grid-column: 1 / -1 !important;
  justify-self: center !important;
  width: calc(50% - 5px) !important;
}

#upperFooter {
  align-items: stretch !important;
}

#upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column {
  padding-left: 28px !important;
  padding-right: 28px !important;
}

#upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column + .lakaspia-footer-column {
  border-left: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14) !important;
}

#upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column h5 {
  min-height: 44px !important;
  margin-bottom: 14px !important;
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.22) !important;
}

#upperFooter .goldenage-widget-list a {
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, opacity 0.2s ease !important;
}

#upperFooter .goldenage-widget-list a:hover {
  transform: translateX(4px) !important;
  opacity: 0.86 !important;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991.98px) {
  .lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(125px, 1fr)) !important;
  }

  .lakaspia-sidebar-indexing-card:last-child:nth-child(odd) {
    grid-column: auto !important;
    width: 100% !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
	 html,
	 body {
	   max-width: 100% !important;
	   overflow-x: hidden !important;
	 }

	 #secondNavigation {
	   max-width: 100vw !important;
	   overflow-x: hidden !important;
	 }

	 #secondNavigation .container {
	   overflow-x: auto !important;
	   overscroll-behavior-inline: contain;
	 }

  .goldenage-homepage-description {
    font-size: 0.95rem !important;
    line-height: 1.6 !important;
  }

  .goldenage-homepage-description,
  #overviewContent,
  #overviewContent p,
  #tab-aims,
  #tab-aims p {
    text-align: justify !important;
    text-justify: inter-word !important;
  }

  #upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column {
    padding-left: 12px !important;
    padding-right: 12px !important;
  }

  #upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column + .lakaspia-footer-column {
    padding-top: 8px !important;
    border-left: 0 !important;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14) !important;
  }

  #upperFooter .lakaspia-footer-column h5 {
    min-height: 0 !important;
  }
}

/* Final cascade guard: OJS 3.3 may concatenate legacy theme rules after
   component styles, so alignment-critical declarations live at EOF. */
body #secondNavigation > .container > ul.second-navigation-menu,
body #secondNavigation > .container > ul.pkp_nav_list,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list {
  justify-content: space-between !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

body #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu > li:first-child > a,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list > li:first-child > a {
  padding-left: 0 !important;
}

body #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu > li:last-child > a,
body #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list > li:last-child > a {
  padding-right: 0 !important;
}

body .lakaspia-layout-row > #sidebar.lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded),
body .lakaspia-layout-row > aside.lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded) {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
  padding-left: 12px !important;
  padding-right: 12px !important;
  margin-top: 0 !important;
}

body .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-main-column {
  padding-left: 12px !important;
  padding-right: 12px !important;
}

body .lakaspia-layout-row--three > .lakaspia-additional-column {
  flex: 0 0 25% !important;
  width: 25% !important;
  max-width: 25% !important;
  padding-left: 12px !important;
  padding-right: 12px !important;
}

body .lakaspia-layout-row--three > .lakaspia-main-column {
  flex: 0 0 50% !important;
  width: 50% !important;
  max-width: 50% !important;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation > .container ul.second-navigation-menu,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive #secondNavigation > .container ul.pkp_nav_list {
    justify-content: flex-start !important;
    width: max-content !important;
    min-width: 100% !important;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-main-column,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > .lakaspia-additional-column,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > #sidebar.lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded),
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-layout-row > aside.lakaspia-sidebar-column:not(.lakaspia-sidebar-embedded) {
    flex: 0 0 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    min-width: 0 !important;
  }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   5 COVER-TAILORED PRESET DESIGN PACKAGES (V3.2)
   Al-Mu'ashirah, Substantia, TAFSE, El-Sunan, JIGM
   ========================================================================== */

/* 1. Al-Mu'ashirah Oceanic Blue & Gold (Oceanic Wave + Islamic Star Geometry) */
@keyframes almashirahShimmer {
  0% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
  50% { background-position: 100% 50%; }
  100% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
}

body[data-preset="almashirah"] .goldenage-hero-header,
body[data-preset="almashirah"] #headerNavigationContainer {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0a2463 0%, #0d47a1 50%, #1565c0 100%) !important;
  background-size: 200% 200% !important;
  animation: almashirahShimmer 15s ease infinite !important;
  position: relative !important;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #f5b800 !important;
}

body[data-preset="almashirah"] .goldenage-hero-header::before {
  content: "" !important;
  position: absolute !important;
  top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0 !important;
  background-image: radial-gradient(#f5b800 0.75px, transparent 0.75px), radial-gradient(#f5b800 0.75px, #0a2463 0.75px) !important;
  background-size: 30px 30px !important;
  background-position: 0 0, 15px 15px !important;
  opacity: 0.08 !important;
  pointer-events: none !important;
}

body[data-preset="almashirah"] .site-name,
body[data-preset="almashirah"] .goldenage-homepage-title {
  color: #ffffff !important;
  text-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(245, 184, 0, 0.3) !important;
}

/* 2. Substantia Golden Beige & Sepia (Warm Sepia Parchment Glow) */
@keyframes substantiaSepiaWave {
  0% { background-position: 0% 40%; }
  50% { background-position: 100% 60%; }
  100% { background-position: 0% 40%; }
}

body[data-preset="substantia"] .goldenage-hero-header,
body[data-preset="substantia"] #headerNavigationContainer {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #2b1408 0%, #4a2511 45%, #6b3719 80%, #3d1c0b 100%) !important;
  background-size: 220% 220% !important;
  animation: substantiaSepiaWave 16s ease-in-out infinite !important;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #c5a059 !important;
  position: relative !important;
}

body[data-preset="substantia"] {
  background-color: #fdf8f0 !important;
}

body[data-preset="substantia"] .card,
body[data-preset="substantia"] .bg-white {
  background-color: #ffffff !important;
  border-color: #e8d5b7 !important;
}

/* 3. TAFSE Quranic Emerald & Silk Waves (3D Silk Wave Flow Animation) */
@keyframes tafseSilkWave {
  0% { background-position: 0% 0%; }
  50% { background-position: 100% 100%; }
  100% { background-position: 0% 0%; }
}

body[data-preset="tafse"] .goldenage-hero-header,
body[data-preset="tafse"] #headerNavigationContainer {
  background: linear-gradient(120deg, #064e3b 0%, #047857 45%, #10b981 85%, #065f46 100%) !important;
  background-size: 220% 220% !important;
  animation: tafseSilkWave 12s ease-in-out infinite !important;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #34d399 !important;
}

body[data-preset="tafse"] .badge-emerald,
body[data-preset="tafse"] .bg-emerald {
  background-color: #047857 !important;
}

/* 4. El-Sunan Hadith Gold & Parchment (Antique Hadith Manuscript Sheen) */
@keyframes elsunanGoldWave {
  0% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
  50% { background-position: 100% 50%; }
  100% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
}

body[data-preset="elsunan"] .goldenage-hero-header,
body[data-preset="elsunan"] #headerNavigationContainer {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #451a03 0%, #92400e 45%, #d97706 80%, #78350f 100%) !important;
  background-size: 200% 200% !important;
  animation: elsunanGoldWave 14s ease-in-out infinite !important;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #f59e0b !important;
}

body[data-preset="elsunan"] {
  background-color: #faf5ef !important;
}

/* 5. JIGM Royal Indigo & Gold (Regal Indigo Aurora Shimmer) */
@keyframes jigmRoyalShimmer {
  0% { background-position: 0% 30%; }
  50% { background-position: 100% 70%; }
  100% { background-position: 0% 30%; }
}

body[data-preset="jigm"] .goldenage-hero-header,
body[data-preset="jigm"] #headerNavigationContainer {
  background: linear-gradient(130deg, #27275f 0%, #3b3b98 45%, #4c4cb8 80%, #202052 100%) !important;
  background-size: 220% 220% !important;
  animation: jigmRoyalShimmer 14s ease infinite !important;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #f1c40f !important;
}


/* ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
   DARK MODE (V3.0) — body.lakaspia-dark overrides all presets
   ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
body.lakaspia-dark {
  background-color: #0f172a !important;
  color: #e2e8f0 !important;
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease !important;
}
body.lakaspia-dark .bg-white,
body.lakaspia-dark .card,
body.lakaspia-dark .goldenage-article-summary,
body.lakaspia-dark article.article-details {
  background-color: #1e293b !important;
  color: #e2e8f0 !important;
  border-color: #334155 !important;
}
body.lakaspia-dark .bg-light,
body.lakaspia-dark .bg-soft,
body.lakaspia-dark header.bg-light {
  background-color: #1e293b !important;
  color: #e2e8f0 !important;
}
body.lakaspia-dark h1, body.lakaspia-dark h2,
body.lakaspia-dark h3, body.lakaspia-dark h4,
body.lakaspia-dark .text-dark { color: #f1f5f9 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .text-muted { color: #94a3b8 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .text-secondary { color: #94a3b8 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .border { border-color: #334155 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .shadow-sm { box-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5) !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark #upperNavbar,
body.lakaspia-dark .goldenage-logonav { background-color: #1e293b !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .pkp_structure_main { background-color: #0f172a !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark input, body.lakaspia-dark select, body.lakaspia-dark textarea {
  background-color: #1e293b !important;
  color: #e2e8f0 !important;
  border-color: #334155 !important;
}
body.lakaspia-dark .form-control { background-color: #1e293b !important; color: #e2e8f0 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .dropdown-menu {
  background-color: #1e293b !important;
  border-color: #334155 !important;
}
body.lakaspia-dark .dropdown-item { color: #e2e8f0 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .dropdown-item:hover { background-color: #334155 !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark #lakaspiaDarkToggle { color: #fbbf24 !important; }

/* Dark mode — article page specifics */
body.lakaspia-dark .page_article header.bg-light,
body.lakaspia-dark .page_article article { background-color: #1e293b !important; }
body.lakaspia-dark .abstract-box { background-color: #0f172a !important; border-color: #334155 !important; }

/* Register page: keep input icons, fields, and helper text aligned. */
.page_register .lakaspia-register-card {
  overflow: hidden !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .row {
  align-items: flex-start !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-label {
  display: block !important;
  line-height: 1.3 !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .input-group {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
  align-items: stretch !important;
  width: 100% !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .input-group-text {
  flex: 0 0 44px !important;
  width: 44px !important;
  min-width: 44px !important;
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  border: 1px solid #cbd5e1 !important;
  border-right: 0 !important;
  border-radius: 8px 0 0 8px !important;
  background: #f8fafc !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-control,
.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-select {
  flex: 1 1 auto !important;
  width: 1% !important;
  min-width: 0 !important;
  height: 44px !important;
  border: 1px solid #cbd5e1 !important;
  border-left: 0 !important;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0 !important;
  padding: 0.55rem 0.75rem !important;
  line-height: 1.35 !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-text {
  display: block !important;
  margin-top: 0.45rem !important;
  line-height: 1.45 !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-check {
  display: flex !important;
  gap: 0.6rem !important;
  align-items: flex-start !important;
}

.page_register .cmp_form.register .form-check-input {
  flex: 0 0 auto !important;
  margin-left: 0 !important;
  margin-top: 0.2rem !important;
}

body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .page_register .lakaspia-main-column {
  min-width: 0 !important;
}

/* ========================================================================== 
   Lakaspia 3.3.0.3 forensic stabilization layer
   ========================================================================== */

/* Native buttons used as menu toggles must look exactly like the former links. */
.goldenage-browse button,
#goldenageSearch {
  color: inherit;
  font: inherit;
  text-align: left;
  cursor: pointer;
  border-radius: 0;
}

.goldenage-browse button:focus-visible,
#goldenageSearch:focus-visible,
#lakaspiaUserToggler:focus-visible,
#lakaspiaNavToggler:focus-visible,
#secondNavigation a:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid rgba(99, 102, 241, 0.55);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Prevent long DOI/reference/source URLs from escaping article cards on phones. */
.goldenage-article-summary a,
.article-details-wrapper a,
.article-references-section,
.article-references-section li,
.article-citation-section,
.citation-output,
.raw-citations {
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
  word-break: break-word;
  min-width: 0;
}

/* Justified academic text remains justified in both display modes. */
.journal-description,
.about-page-content,
.article-abstract-text,
.article-references-section li,
.raw-citations,
.copyright-license-content,
body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .journal-description,
body.lakaspia-mode-zoomable .journal-description {
  text-align: justify !important;
  text-justify: inter-word;
}

/* The duplicate marquee copy is visual-only and must not become keyboard focus. */
.indexing-marquee-wrapper {
  overflow: hidden;
}

@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
  /* Bootstrap collapse must be allowed to hide the full top menu. */
  #navbarContent:not(.show) {
    display: none !important;
  }

  #navbarContent.show,
  #navbarContent.collapse.show {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch !important;
    width: 100%;
    padding: 0.75rem 0 1rem;
    gap: 0.75rem;
  }

  #navbarContent.show .goldenage-browse {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    width: 100%;
    gap: 0.35rem;
  }

  #navbarContent.show .goldenage-browse > .dropdown,
  #navbarContent.show .goldenage-browse > button {
    flex: 1 1 calc(33.333% - 0.35rem);
    min-width: 92px;
  }

  #navbarContent.show .goldenage-browse > button {
	width: auto !important;
	max-width: none !important;
	min-width: 92px !important;
	min-height: 42px;
	justify-content: center !important;
	padding: 0.55rem 0.75rem;
  }

  #navbarContent.show .goldenage-browse > .dropdown > button {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 42px;
    justify-content: center !important;
    padding: 0.55rem 0.75rem;
  }

  #navbarContent.show > .d-flex:last-child {
    width: 100%;
    justify-content: flex-end;
  }

  #userMenuMobile {
    min-width: 150px;
    box-shadow: 0 10px 28px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.16);
  }

  #userMenuMobile a {
    display: block;
    padding: 0.45rem 0.7rem;
  }

  /* Keep every second-navigation item reachable without widening the page. */
  #secondNavigation {
    overflow-x: auto;
    overscroll-behavior-inline: contain;
    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    scrollbar-width: thin;
  }

  #secondNavigation > .container,
  #secondNavigation ul {
    min-width: max-content;
  }

  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .goldenage-article-summary,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .article-details-wrapper,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-main-column,
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .lakaspia-sidebar-column {
    min-width: 0 !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 992px) {
  #navbarContent {
    min-width: 0;
  }

  body .page_issue > .lakaspia-layout-row.g-4 > #sidebar.lakaspia-sidebar-column,
  body .page_issue_archive > .lakaspia-layout-row.g-4 > #sidebar.lakaspia-sidebar-column {
    margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y, 1.5rem) !important;
  }
}

/* Final engagement-grid guard. Optional counters and Dimensions may be
   absent, so only visible cells divide the available width. */
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr)) !important;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 991.98px) {
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
  body.lakaspia-mode-responsive .article-engagement-card .article-engagement-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
  }
}

/* Absolute final preset contrast guard: legacy component declarations above
   may set white explicitly, so the selected preset remains authoritative. */
body .btn-primary,
body .btn-purplepotion,
body .button,
body .btn-reset-password,
body .goldenage-searchpage-btn,
body .btn-outline-purplepotion:hover {
  color: var(--lakaspia-on-primary, #ffffff) !important;
}

body .btn-purplepotion-light,
body .btn-purplepotion:hover,
body .btn-reset-password:hover,
body .goldenage-searchpage-btn:hover,
body #goldenageCitation .card-body .d-flex.justify-content-between.w-full.mt-4 div button.btn.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle:hover {
  color: var(--lakaspia-on-secondary, #ffffff) !important;
}

body .btn-primary:hover,
body .button:hover {
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

/* Performance profile ------------------------------------------------------
   The lightweight profile retains the selected preset and layout while
   removing paint-heavy decoration on low-power/mobile devices. */
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .goldenage-hero-header,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight #headerNavigationContainer,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .indexing-marquee-track,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .custom-slider-container,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .custom-slider-track {
  animation: none !important;
}

body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .card,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .goldenage-article-summary,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .article-engagement-card,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .lakaspia-explore-panel,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight #sidebar > *,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .btn {
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.08) !important;
  backdrop-filter: none !important;
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: none !important;
}

body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .goldenage-hero-header::before,
body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .goldenage-hero-header::after {
  opacity: 0.35 !important;
}

body.lakaspia-performance-lightweight .indexing-marquee-copy {
  display: none !important;
}

/* Long issue/archive/explore pages can skip painting off-screen cards. The
   intrinsic placeholder prevents scrollbar jumps while keeping all content
   available to search, accessibility tools, printing, and no-JS visitors. */
@supports (content-visibility: auto) {
  .lakaspia-explore-list > .article-summary,
  .page_issue .sections > .section,
  .page_issue_archive .issues_archive > li {
    content-visibility: auto;
    contain-intrinsic-size: auto 420px;
  }
}

@media print {
  .lakaspia-explore-list > .article-summary,
  .page_issue .sections > .section,
  .page_issue_archive .issues_archive > li {
    content-visibility: visible !important;
  }
}